Ричард Овери - Сталин и Гитлер

62. A. Nove ‘The peasantry in World War II’, in Linz, Impact of World War II, pp. 79–84.

63. Zaleski, Stalinist Planning, pp. 337–40.

64. B. V. Sokolov ‘Lend Lease in Soviet Military Efforts 1941–1945’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 7 (1994), pp. 567–8.

65. Sokolov, ‘Lend Lease’, pp. 570–81; V. Vorsin ‘Motor Vehicle Transport Deliveries Through “Lend-Lease”’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 10 (1997), pp. 164, 172–3; H. P. van Tuyll Feeding the Bear: American Aid to the Soviet Union 1941–1945 (New York, 1989), pp. 156–7.

66. U. Herbert Fremdarbeiter: Politik und Praxis des ‘Ausländer-Einsatzes’ in der Kriegswirtschaft des Dritten Reiches (Berlin, 1985), pp. 270–72.

67. The term was used by Rolf Wagenführ, a Reich Statistical Offi ce offi cial, when he wrote a history of the German war economy for the Allies in 1945. See IWM, FD 3057/49 FIAT Report 1312 ‘Economic History of the Second World War’, pp. 6–8.

68. Hitler’s plan in IWM, MI 14/521 (Part I) ‘Munitionslieferung im Weltkrieg’; War Economy decree Reichsgesetzblatt 1939, Part I, p. 1609 ‘Kriegswirtschaftsverordnung’, 4 September 1939. Total war references in Bundesarchiv-Berlin R2501/7132, Reichsbank, notes for a speech by Director Lange, November 1941; R2501/7041, Report of speech by Reichsbank President 2 February 1940, p. 2.

69. R. J. Overy War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1994), pp. 275–81; Soviet comparison in Harrison, ‘The Soviet Union’, p. 291.

70. Overy, War and Economyp, p. 352.

71. IWM, EDS Mi 14/433 (fi le 2), Führer decree ‘Vereinfachung und Leistungssteigerung unserer Rüstungsproduktion’, 3 December 1941, p. 1.

72. IWM AL/1571, Col. Thomas, ‘Aktennotiz über Besprechung mit Minister Speer, 3 March 1942’, p. 1.

73. Overy, War and Economy, pp. 356–64.

74. D. Winkler Frauenarbeit im ‘Dritten Reich’ (Hamburg, 1977), pp. 196–8; S. Bajohr Die Hälfte der Fabrik: Geschichte der Frauenarbeit in Deutschland 1914 bis 1945 (Marburg, 1979), p. 252; R. Wagenführ Die deutsche Industrie im Kriege (Berlin, 1963), pp. 145–7; F. Wunderlich Farm Labor in Germany 1810–1945 (Princeton, NJ, 1961), pp. 297–9; on part time work IWM Box S368, Report 69, p. 5. See too E. Hancock ‘Employment in Wartime: the experience of German women during the Second World War’, War & Society, 12(1994), pp.43–68.

75. On rationing see Overy, War and Economy, pp. 170–71, 282–4; H. Focke and U. Reimer Alltag unterm Hakenkreuz: Wie die Nazis das Leben der Deutschen veränderten (Hamburg, 1980), pp. 179–81.

76. L. Maks Russia by the Back Door (London, 1954), p. 169.

77. C. Simmons and N. Perlina Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women’s diaries, memoirs and documentary prose (Pittsburgh, 2002), p. 23, diary of Liubov Shaporina, 12 September 1941.

78. Simmons and Perlina, Siege of Leningrad, p. 60, diary of Anna Likhacheva, 16 May, 1942; p. 50, diary of Vera Kostrovitsknia [n.d.].

79. Simmons and Perlina, Siege of Leningrad, pp. 30–31, diary entry, 8 March 1942.

80. See O. Bartov The Eastern Front 1941–1945: German Troops and the Barbarization of Warfare (New York, 1985).

81. See in general T. Schulte The German Army and Nazi Policies in Occupied Russia (Oxford, 1989); H. Heer Tote Zonen: Die deutsche Wehrmacht an der Ostfront (Hamburg, 1999); H. Heer and K. Naumann (eds) Vernichtungskrieg, Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944 (Hamburg, 1995). On the debate over Wehrmacht criminality K. H. Pohl ‘“Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944’, in K. H. Pohl (ed.) Wehrmacht und Vernichtungspolitik. Militär im nationalsozialistischen System (Göttingen, (1999), pp. 141–60.

82. Ueberschär and Wette, ‘Unternehmen Barbarossa’, p. 107; Förster and Mawdsley, ‘Hitler and Stalin’, pp. 70–78 for text of notes of the speech.

83. J. Förster ‘Operation Barbarossa as a War of Conquest and Annihilation’, in Boog et ah, Germany and the Second World War: Vol IV, p. 485.

84. Schulte, The German Army, pp. 321–2.

85. Förster, ‘Operation Barbarossa’, p. 514.

86. Förster, ‘Operation Barbarossa’, p. 510.

87. H.-H. Wilhelm (ed.) Rassenpolitik und Kriegführung: Sicherheitspolizei und Wehrmacht in Polen und der Sowjetunion

(Passau, 1991), p. 140, ‘Barbarossa-Studie’, Generaloberst Hoepner, 2 May 1941.

88. Förster, ‘Operation Barbarossa’, pp. 492, 500.

89. E. Hesse Der sowjetrussische Partisanenkrieg 1941 bis 1944 (Göttingen, 1969), p. 36; Förster, ‘Operation Barbarossa’, p. 504.

90. Schulte, German Army, p. 317.

91. Schulte, German Army, pp. 319–20; Wilhelm, Rassenpolitik, p. 138, General von Küchler, lecture to divisional commanders,

25 April 1941; Förster, ‘Operation Barbarossa’, p. 516. See too G.K. Koschorrek Blood Red Snow: The Memoirs of a German Soldier on the Eastern Front (London, 2002), pp. 67–9.

92. K. Reddemann (ed.) Zwischen Front und Heimat: Der Briefwechsel des münsterischen Ehepaares Agnes und Albert Neuhaus 1940–1944 (Münster, 1996) p. 227, letter from Albert Neuhaus, 30 June 1941.

93. Koschorrek, Blood Red Snow, p. 64.

94. Stalin, War of Liberation, pp. 14–16.

95. Stalin, War of Liberation, p. 30.

96. A. Sella The Value of Human Life in Soviet Warfare (London, 1992), pp. 100–102; Volkogonov, Triumph and Tragedy, p. 430 for story of Yakov.

97. R. Bidlack ‘Survival Strategies in Leningrad during the First Year of the Soviet-German War’, in Thurston and Bonwetsch, People’s War, pp. 86–7.

98. Pravda, 17 August, 30 August 1942; A. Werth Russia at War 1941–1945 (London, 1964), p. 414; A. Weiner Making Sense of War: the Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (Princeton, NJ, 2001), pp. 162–3.

99. G. Geddes Nichivo: Life, Love and Death on the Russian Front (London, 2001), p. 40; on German treatment of their own soldiers see M. Messerschmidt ‘Deserteure im Zweiten Weltkrieg’, in W. Wette (ed.) Deserteure der Wehrmacht: Feiglinge – Opfer – Hoffnungsträger (Essen, 1995), pp. 61–2; O. Hennicke and F. Wüllner ‘Über die barbarischen Vollstreckungsmethoden von Wehrmacht und Justiz im Zweiten Weltkrieg’, in Wette, Deserteure, pp. 80–81.

100. Koschorrek, Blood Red Snow, p. 69; see too J. Stieber Against the Odds: Survival on the Russian Front 1944–1945 (Dublin, 1995), pp. 18–19.

101. Koschorrek, Blood Red Snow, p. 275; E. Bessonov Tank Rider: into the Reich with the Red Army (London, 2003), p. 118; Stieber, Against the Odds, pp. 169–70.

102. A. Streim Sowjetische Gefangenen in Hitlers Vernichtungskrieg: Berichte und Dokumente (Heidelberg, 1982), p. 175; C. Streit ‘Die sowjetische Kriegsgefangenen in den deutschen Lagern’, in D. Dahlmann and G. Hirschfeld (eds) Lager, Zwangsarbeit, Vertreibung und Deportation (Essen, 1999), pp. 403–4. See more recently C. Hartmann ‘Massensterben oder Massen Vernichtung? Sowjetische Kriegsgefangenen im “Unternehmen Barbarossa”’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 49 (2001).

103. Russkii Arkhiv 13: Nemetskii Voennoplennye v SSSR (Moscow, 1999), Part I, p. 9.

104. Russkii Arkhiv 13, Part I, p. 17, document 1, Molotov to International Red Cross, 27 June 1941. For Hitler’s views see Toland Adolf Hitler, p. 685. See too C. Streit ‘Die Behandlung der verwundeten sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen’, in Heer and Naumann, Vernichtungskrieg, pp. 78–91.

105. Hartmann, ‘Massensterben oder Massenvernichtung?’, p. 157.

106. Hartmann, ‘Massensterben oder Massenvernichtung?’, p. 158; Herbert, Fremdarbeiter, pp. 148–9.

107. Hartmann, ‘Massensterben oder Massenvernichtung?’, p. 158.

108. Herbert, Fremdarbeiterp, p. 136.

109. S. Karner Im Archipel GUPVI: Kriegsgefangenschaft und Internierung in der Sowjetunion 1941–1956 (Vienna, 1995), pp. 90–94, 194; Russkii Arkhiv 13, Part 2, pp. 69, 76, 159–60.

110. Karner, Archipel GUPVI, pp. 94–104, 195; Russkii Arkhiv 13, Part 2, pp. 171–9, 265–74; R. J. Overy Russia’s War (London, 1998), pp. 297–8.

111. Heer, Tote Zonen, p. 101.

112. C. Streit ‘Partisans – Resistance – Prisoners of War’, in Wieczynski, Operation Barbarossa, p. 271.

113. H. Heer ‘Die Logik des Vernichtungskrieges: Wehrmacht und Partisanenkampf’, in Heer and Naumann, Vernichtungskrieg, pp. 112–13.

114. Hesse, Partisanenkrieg, pp. 178–80; L. Grenkevich The Soviet Partisan Movement 1941–1944 (London, 1999), pp. 77–9; Wehrmachtsverbrechen: Dokumente aus sowjetischen Archiven ed. L. Besymensky (Cologne, 1997), p. 116, OKW Befehl,

16 December, 1942; K.-M. Mallmann “‘Aufgeräumt und abgebrannt”: Sicherheitspolizei und “Bandenkampf” in der besetzten Sowjetunion’, in G. Paul and K.-M. Mallmann (eds) Die Gestapo im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Heimatfront und besetztes Europa (Darmstadt, 2000), pp. 506–7.

115. J. A. Armstrong (ed.) Soviet Partisans in World War II (Madison, Wise. 1964), pp. 98–103, 662; Grenkevich, Soviet Partisan Movement, pp. 92–3.

116. Geddes, Nichivö, pp. 87–95.

117. Mallmann, ‘Sicherheitspolizei und “Bandenkampf”’, p. 503.

118. T. Anderson ‘Incident at Baranivka: German Reprisals and the Soviet Partisan Movement in the Ukraine, October-December 1941’, Journal of Modern History, 71 (1999), pp. 611–13.

119. K. Lutzel Deutsche Soldaten – nationalsozialistischer Krieg? Kriegserlebnis und Kriegserfahrung (Paderborn, 1998), p. 184.

120. Mallmann, ‘Sicherheitspolizei und “Bandenkampf”’, pp. 513–14; see too B. Shepherd ‘The Continuum of Brutality: Wehrmacht

Security Divisions in Central Russia, 1942’, German History, 21 (2003), pp. 60–63.

121. R. Rhodes Masters of Death: the SS Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust (New York, 2002), pp. 219–20.

122. Public Record Offi ce, London, WO 311/45, letter from Judge-Advocate General Western Command Branch to Military Dept., Judge-Advocate General’s offi ce, 1 May 1945, p. 1.

123. See for example M. Mazower ‘Military Violence and National Socialist Values: The Wehrmacht in Greece 1941–1944’, Past & Present, 134 (1992), pp. 129–58; W. Manoschek ‘The Extermination of Jews in Serbia’, in U. Herbert (ed.) National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies (Oxford, 2000), pp. 163–85.

124. Gorinov, ‘Muscovites’ Moods’, p. 119.

125. Weiner, Making Sense of War, pp. 172–3.

126. Weiner, Making Sense of War, pp. 177–9.

127. S. Bialer (ed.) Stalin and his Generals: Soviet Military Memoirs of World War II (New York, 1969), pp. 140–41, 143–8.

128. Soviet fi gures in Harrison, The Soviet Union’, p. 285. The armed forces employed 7.1 million in 1941, 11.3 million in 1942, 11.9 million in 1943 and 12.2 million in 1944. German fi gures from H.-U. Thamer Verführung und Gewalt: Deutschland 1933–1945 (Berlin, 1986), p. 718. The numbers conscripted by 1942 were 9.4 million, 1943 11.2 million, 1944 12.4 million.

129. Krivosheev, Soviet Casualties, pp. 85–91.

130. Sokolov, The Cost of War’, pp. 175–6, 187.

131. Bessonov, Tank Rider, p. 44; W. S. Dunn Hitler’s Nemesis: the Red Army 1933–1945 (Westport, Conn., 1994), pp. 62–4; R. Thurston ‘Cauldrons of Loyalty and Betrayal: Soviet Soldiers’ Behaviour 1941 and 1945’, in Thurston and Bonwetsch, People’s War, pp. 239–40; J. Erickson ‘Red Army Battlefi eld Performance, 1941–45: the System and the Soldier’, in P. Addison and A. Calder (eds) Time to Kill: the Soldier’s Experience of War in the West, 1939–1945 (London, 1997), pp. 237–41, 247–8.

132. On the Soviet balance between men and military equipment see J. Sapir The Economics of War in the Soviet Union during World War II’, in I. Kershaw and M. Lewin (eds) Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 219– 21; S. J. Zaloga and J. Grandsen Soviet Tanks and Combat Vehicles in World War II (London, 1984), pp. 146–9, 160–62. On Germany’s capital-manpower ratio see, for example, R. L. di Nardo Mechanized Juggernaut or Military Anachronism: Horses and the German Army in World War II (London, 1991), pp. 37–56, 92–7; R.M. Orgorkiewicz Armoured Forces: a history of armoured forces and their vehicles (London, 1970), pp. 74–9. In general O. Bartov Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis and War in the Third Reich (Oxford, 1991), ch. 2.