Коллектив авторов - Money, money circulation and credit

There are several examples of the handover notes: «the order of» (a name of a new bill holder follows with the date and signature of an endorser) or «pay instead of me».

The bill’s credibility could be enforced by an aval – a guarantee of an exchange bill. A party which issued it – avalist (as a rule a bank) accepts responsibility for the bill’s commitments execution from a bill drawer’s (endorser’s) side. An aval could be drawn in a kind of a note on a bill or on an additional page (allonge).

Under the article 83 of the Law «About the circulation of bills in the Republic of Kazakhstan» dated from April 28, 1997 the discount houses (banks) can perform the following kinds of operations with the bills of exchange:

– the bills for collection acceptance;

– the bills discounting and avalization;

– the bills settlement by a payer services rendering and the domiciled bills settlement;

– the bills acceptance in the order of mediation.

All the above listed operations are executed by the commercial banks under a licence issued by the Committee for the control and supervision of financial market and financial organizations of the national bank of Republic of Kazakhstan.

The transition toward a market economy of Kazakhstan conditioned the return to an economic turnover of many financial instruments which were not in demand in the period of planned economy but are widely used in the modern economically developed countries. One of these instruments is a bill of exchange.

If compare the development of bank operations with the bills of exchange in the beginning of 90 thof the last century and their today’s station it could be noted that nowadays the volume of these operations widely increased though it leaves much to be desired.

If in the beginning and middle of 90 thof the XX thcentury the banks almost did not use the bills but in the end of 90 thand the beginning of 2000 ththere were some activity in this sector of banking services. The most widespread bills’ operations today are discount, rediscount, avalizing of bills. The main reason of the bills of exchange market activation of the country was the development and implementation of the row of legislative acts concerning the bills of exchange turnover:

The second-tier banks rules for conducting of transactions with bills of exchange and promissory bills approved by a decision of the board of directors of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated from November 15, 1999 № 397.

The bills of exchange accounting rules of the second-tier banks of the Republic of Kazakhstan approved by a decision of the board of directors of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated from November 15, 1999 № 396.

The rules of rediscount of bills by the National Bank approved by a decision of the board of directors of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated from November 15, 1999 № 395.

The policy and procedure for rediscount of bills of the National Bank of Kazakhstan approved by a decision of the board of directors of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated from March 21, 2000 № 111.

The instruction on the financial analysis the bills’ emitters and the limits determination of the bills rediscount approved by a decision of the board of directors of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated from March 16, 2000 № 96.

The Law «About the cost of stamping in regard to the bills of exchange and promissory bills in the Republic of Kazakhstan)) dated from December 15, 2000 № 122-II (repealed).

Cheque is a due form financial document containing an ultimate order of an account owner in a loan institution about a payment to a cheque holder a definit sum of money. Initially the cheques appered in the XVI-XVII centyries in the Great Britain and Holland.

There are three different types of cheques: an order check which is untransferable issued to a person by name; a bearer cheque not indexed by name; an order cheque issued to a certain person but with the right of disposal by endorsement.

In Kazakhstan the cheques issue, circulation and payment is performed on the basis of the following normative legal documents: the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated from July 29, 1998 № 237-I «About the payments and money transfers»; «The rules of cheques application on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan» dated from December 5, 1998 № 266; and the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan board of directors decision dated from April 25, 2000 № 179 «About the regulations adoption of the financial instruments application, the wire transfers execution and remissions on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan».

According to these laws and regulations in Kazakhstan could be issued the following types of cheques:

A covered check supplied with a deposit preliminary placed by a cheque drawer to an account;

An uncovered cheque without sufficient funds. The cheques can contain a bank guarantee to their payment including according to the uncovered cheques.

A cheque drawing is a mean of payment which is performed by means of a payment document issue by a cheque drawer to a cheque holder. A cheque issue is not a monetary obligation fulfilment by a cheque drawer for which such cheque was drawn.

The fulfilment of such obligation happens in the moment of a cheque money receipt. The rights and obligations of a cheque drawer and bank in regard to a cheque application are based on an agreement about the cheques application between the cheque drawer and bank. The right of a cheque holder appears in the moment of a cheque receipt from a cheque drawer.

A cheque holder receives a right of a cash claim to the bank of a cheque drawer in amount indicated in cheque. The bank of a cheque drawer pays a cheque presented by a cheque holder or reasonably dishonors it in the terms prescribed by the laws and regulations of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

By means of electronic money, i.e. on the basis of paperless carriers in the form of electronic signals a vast majority of interbank transactions is exercised. The advanced technologies transition created the conditions for the paper cheques and cheque books change on the credit cards with the electronic microcircuits. The credit cards are widely used in the sphere of different trades and services.

The study about the electronic money as a type of credit money is necessary to carry over by a separate matter because this theme is quite new and wide thus requires the more detailed consideration.

The banking system computerization in the beginning of 60s of the last century gave an opportunity to begin the usage of plastic cards. Electronic money is the monetary units electronically kept on the facilities (plastic cards) which are at the disposal of owners.

The basic elements of the electronic money system are the automated clearing houses (ACH), the systems of automated cashiers (electronic booking offices and cash machines) and terminals set in the points of purchase. The electronic money emission is carried out by the bank which serves the plastic card owner. In one case the emission is provided by the monetary means which are kept on the owner’s account of the bank and the cost of a commodity immediately debits. And in the other the bank emits electronic money by client’s crediting and allows a plastic card holder to postpone payment of goods and services purchase.

Notwithstanding that plastic cards were widely used in the World beginning from 60s of the XX thcentury in Kazakhstan the market of plastic cards began to develop only in 1993 from the National interbank system of electronic cards foundation with the usage of microprocessing debit and credit cards on the basis of electronic wallets conception.

The realization of electronic wallet conception is not provided in its «pure» form, i.e. before the payments settlement but as follows money discounted on the clients’ microprocessing cards actually stays in bank on the clients’ current accounts consequently allowing accumulating it in the banking system. The population receives an opportunity to make payments for goods and services in any place of the Republic of Kazakhstan and regardless of what bank serves the card holder.

The following laws and regulations make a legal framework of plastic cards functioning on the territory of Kazakhstan:

The National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan board of directors’ decision dated from August 24, 2000 № 331 «About the regulations adoption of payment cards issue and application in the Republic of Kazakhstan)).

The National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan board of directors’ decision dated from July 2, 2002 № 713 «About the programme establishment of the National interbank system of payment cards on the basis of microprocessing cards development).

The National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan board of directors’ decision dated from December 23, 2002 № 510 «About the regulations adoption of the National interbank system of payment cards on the basis of microprocessing cards functioning).

For the first time the cash machines were implemented by several commercial banks in 1997. In the end of 2002 in Kazakhstan 702 cash machines functioned whereby their quantity grew on 30 % against 2001. To the beginning of 2010 6956 cash machines functioned already.

As on July 1, 2009 there are 19 banks and Kazpost JSC which perform plastic cards issue indeed. And the second-tier banks issue plastic cards of local systems: Altyn Card (Halyk Bank of Kazakhstan, JSC and ATF Bank, JSC); SmartAlemCard (BTA Bank, JSC); the local card of Citibank Kazakhstan (Citibank Kazakhstan, JSC) and Temir Card (BTA Bank, JSC, Temirbank, JSC).

Besides Kazakh banks issue and distribute payment cards of international systems: VISA International, Europay International, American Express International, China Union Pay and Diners Club International.

For the last five years the development of plastic cards in Kazakhstan became one of the most dynamically developing financial instruments of cashless settlement and credit money forms.

The 1 sttable shows that beginning from 2004 till July of 2009 all the other indexes of plastic cards market development in our Republic grew. Thus the circulated cards quantity for the analyzed period increased on more than 5 million items or by 4 times and ran at 7039.7 thousand items, consequently the average monthly balance on the cards’ accounts against the beginning of 2006 on 63124.4 million tenge.

Table 1

The plastic cards market development indexes in Kazakhstan

As on January 1, 2010 banks issued 7.6 millions of payment cards and the quantity of these cards holders reached 7.1 million people (against the analogue period of 2009 – growth on 6.5 and 7,0 % consequently). The most widely-spread payment cards are cards of international systems, their share reached 97.1 %, local systems – 2.1 %.

In December, 2009 the transaction volumes with payment cards usage of the Kazakhstans emitters composed 300.6 billion tenge (the growth in compare with December, 2008 composed 18.4 %). The transactions’ quantity for December, 2009 reached 12.6 million and increased against December, 2008 to 14.1 %. Whereby the growth of wire transfers quantity reached 23.8 % (2.2 million transactions) and the quantity of cash withdrawal operations – 12.2 % (10.3 million transactions).

Plastic cards are manufactured from a special plastic and basically have a standard size: 2.125»x3.375» (about 53.9x85.6 mm.) and width – 0.039 (~ 0.76 mm.).

Plastic cards can be classified according to a variety of parameters. One of the main is an intended purpose. Cards can be devided on banking (sometimes they are called payment) and nonbanking (identification, club and discount).