Oskar Andreasson - Iptables Tutorial 1.2.2

Table 10-4. ICMP matches

SCTP or Stream Control Transmission Protocol is a relatively new occurence in the networking domain in comparison to the TCP and UDP protocols. The SCTP Characteristics chapter explains the protocol more in detail. The implicit SCTP matches are loaded through adding the -p sctp match to the command line of iptables.

The SCTP protocol was developed by some of the larger telecom and switch/network manufacturers out there, and the protocol is specifically well suited for large simultaneous transactions with high reliability and high throughput.

Table 10-5. SCTP matches

Below is the list of chunk types that the --chunk-types match will recognize. The list is quite extensive as you can see, but the mostly used packets are DATA and SACK packets. The rest are mostly used for controlling the association.

SCTP Chunk types as used in --chunk-types

• ABORT

• ASCONF

• ASCONF_ACK

• COOKIE_ACK

• COOKIE_ECHO

• DATA

• ECN_CWR

• ECN_ECNE

• ERROR

• HEARTBEAT

• HEARTBEAT_ACK

• INIT

• INIT_ACK

• SACK

• SHUTDOWN

• SHUTDOWN_ACK

• SHUTDOWN_COMPLETE

The following flags can be used with the --chunk-types match as seen above. According to the RFC 2960 - Stream Control Transmission Protocol all the rest of the flags are reserved or not in use, and must be set to 0. Iptables does currently not contain any measures to enforce this, fortunately, since it begs to become another problem such as the one previously experienced when ECN was implemented in the IP protocol.

SCTP Chunk flags as used in --chunk-types

• DATA - U or u for Unordered bit, B or b for Beginning fragment bitand E or e for Ending fragment bit.

• ABORT - T or t for TCB destroy flag.

• SHUTDOWN_COMPLETE - T or t for TCB destroyed flag.

Explicit matches are those that have to be specifically loaded with the -m or --match option. State matches, for example, demand the directive -m state prior to entering the actual match that you want to use. Some of these matches may be protocol specific . Some may be unconnected with any specific protocol - for example connection states. These might be NEW (the first packet of an as yet unestablished connection), ESTABLISHED (a connection that is already registered in the kernel), RELATED (a new connection that was created by an older, established one) etc. A few may just have been evolved for testing or experimental purposes, or just to illustrate what iptables is capable of. This in turn means that not all of these matches may at first sight be of any use. Nevertheless, it may well be that you personally will find a use for specific explicit matches. And there are new ones coming along all the time, with each new iptables release. Whether you find a use for them or not depends on your imagination and your needs. The difference between implicitly loaded matches and explicitly loaded ones, is that the implicitly loaded matches will automatically be loaded when, for example, you match on the properties of TCP packets, while explicitly loaded matches will never be loaded automatically - it is up to you to discover and activate explicit matches.

The addrtype module matches packets based on the address type. The address type is used inside the kernel to put different packets into different categories. With this match you will be able to match all packets based on their address type according to the kernel. It should be noted that the exact meaning of the different address types varies between the layer 3 protocols. I will give a brief general description here however, but for more information I suggest reading Linux Advanced Routing and Traffic Control HOW-TO and Policy Routing using Linux . The available types are as follows:

Table 10-6. Address types

The addrtype match is loaded by using the -m addrtype keyword. When this is done, the extra match options in the following table will be available for usage.

Table 10-7. Addrtype match options

These matches are used for the IPSEC AH and ESP protocols. IPSEC is used to create secure tunnels over an insecure Internet connection. The AH and ESP protocols are used by IPSEC to create these secure connections. The AH and ESP matches are really two separate matches, but are both described here since they look very much alike, and both are used in the same function.

I will not go into detail to describe IPSEC here, instead look at the following pages and documents for more information: