неизвестен Автор - Как самому сделать атомную бомбу (на английском языке)

Overpress=9 psi. Wind velocity=260 mph.

[4] Severe Heat Damage

-----------------

Everything flammable burns. People in the area suffocate due to

the fact that most available oxygen is consumed by the fires.

50% fatalities, 45% injured.

Overpress=6 psi. Wind velocity=140 mph.

[5] Severe Fire & Wind Damage

------------------------

Residency structures are severely damaged. People are blown

around. 2nd and 3rd-degree burns suffered by most survivors.

15% dead. 50% injured.

Overpress=3 psi. Wind velocity=98 mph.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

- Blast Zone Radii

---------------------

[3 different bomb types] ____________________________________________________________________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ | | | | | | | -[10 KILOTONS]- | | -[1 MEGATON]- | | -[20 MEGATONS]- | |----------------------| |----------------------| |----------------------| | Airburst - 1,980 ft | | Airburst - 8,000 ft | | Airburst - 17,500 ft | |______________________| |______________________| |______________________| | | | | | | | [1] 0.5 miles | | [1] 2.5 miles | | [1] 8.75 miles | | [2] 1 mile | | [2] 3.75 miles | | [2] 14 miles | | [3] 1.75 miles | | [3] 6.5 miles | | [3] 27 miles | | [4] 2.5 miles | | [4] 7.75 miles | | [4] 31 miles | | [5] 3 miles | | [5] 10 miles | | [5] 35 miles | | | | | | | |______________________| |______________________| |______________________| ____________________________________________________________________________

============================================================================

-End of section 1

------------------------------- File courtesy of Outlaw Labs -------------------------------

II. Nuclear Fission/Nuclear Fusion

-----------------------------

There are 2 types of atomic explosions that can be facilitated by U-235; fission and fusion. Fission, simply put, is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus splits into fragments, usually two fragments of comparable mass, with the evolution of approximately 100 million to several hundred million volts of energy. This energy is expelled explosively and violently in the atomic bomb. A fusion reaction is invariably started with a fission reaction, but unlike the fission reaction, the fusion (Hydrogen) bomb derives its power from the fusing of nuclei of various hydrogen isotopes in the formation of helium nuclei. Being that the bomb in this file is strictly atomic, the other aspects of the Hydrogen Bomb will be set aside for now.

The massive power behind the reaction in an atomic bomb arises from the forces that hold the atom together. These forces are akin to, but not quite the same as, magnetism.

Atoms are comprised of three sub-atomic particles. Protons and neutrons cluster together to form the nucleus (central mass) of the atom while the electrons orbit the nucleus much like planets around a sun. It is these particles that determine the stability of the atom.

Most natural elements have very stable atoms which are impossible to split except by bombardment by particle accelerators. For all practical purposes, the one true element whose atoms can be split comparatively easily is the metal Uranium. Uranium's atoms are unusually large, henceforth, it is hard for them to hold together firmly. This makes Uranium-235 an exceptional candidate for nuclear fission.

Uranium is a heavy metal, heavier than gold, and not only does it have the largest atoms of any natural element, the atoms that comprise Uranium have far more neutrons than protons. This does not enhance their capacity to split, but it does have an important bearing on their capacity to facilitate an explosion.

There are two isotopes of Uranium. Natural Uranium consists mostly of isotope U-238, which has 92 protons and 146 neutrons (92+146=238). Mixed with this isotope, one will find a 0.6% accumulation of U-235, which has only 143 neutrons. This isotope, unlike U-238, has atoms that can be split, thus it is termed "fissionable" and useful in making atomic bombs. Being that U-238 is neutron-heavy, it reflects neutrons, rather than absorbing them like its brother isotope, U-235. (U-238 serves no function in an atomic reaction, but its properties provide an excellent shield for the U-235 in a constructed bomb as a neutron reflector. This helps prevent an accidental chain reaction between the larger U-235 mass and its `bullet' counterpart within the bomb. Also note that while U-238 cannot facilitate a chain-reaction, it can be neutron-saturated to produce Plutonium (Pu-239). Plutonium is fissionable and can be used in place of Uranium-235 {albeit, with a different model of detonator} in an atomic bomb. [See Sections 3 & 4 of this file.])

Both isotopes of Uranium are naturally radioactive. Their bulky atoms disintegrate over a period of time. Given enough time, (over 100,000 years or more) Uranium will eventually lose so many particles that it will turn into the metal lead. However, this process can be accelerated. This process is known as the chain reaction. Instead of disintegrating slowly, the atoms are forcibly split by neutrons forcing their way into the nucleus. A U-235 atom is so unstable that a blow from a single neutron is enough to split it and henceforth bring on a chain reaction. This can happen even when a critical mass is present. When this chain reaction occurs, the Uranium atom splits into two smaller atoms of different elements, such as Barium and Krypton.

When a U-235 atom splits, it gives off energy in the form of heat and Gamma radiation, which is the most powerful form of radioactivity and the most lethal. When this reaction occurs, the split atom will also give off two or three of its `spare' neutrons, which are not needed to make either Barium or Krypton. These spare neutrons fly out with sufficient force to split other atoms they come in contact with. [See chart below] In theory, it is necessary to split only one U-235 atom, and the neutrons from this will split other atoms, which will split more...so on and so forth. This progression does not take place arithmetically, but geometrically. All of this will happen within a millionth of a second.

The minimum amount to start a chain reaction as described above is known as SuperCritical Mass. The actual mass needed to facilitate this chain reaction depends upon the purity of the material, but for pure U-235, it is 110 pounds (50 kilograms), but no Uranium is never quite pure, so in reality more will be needed.

Uranium is not the only material used for making atomic bombs. Another material is the element Plutonium, in its isotope Pu-239. Plutonium is not found naturally (except in minute traces) and is always made from Uranium. The only way to produce Plutonium from Uranium is to process U-238 through a nuclear reactor. After a period of time, the intense radioactivity causes the metal to pick up extra particles, so that more and more of its atoms turn into Plutonium.

Plutonium will not start a fast chain reaction by itself, but this difficulty is overcome by having a neutron source, a highly radioactive material that gives off neutrons faster than the Plutonium itself. In certain types of bombs, a mixture of the elements Beryllium and Polonium is used to bring about this reaction. Only a small piece is needed. The material is not fissionable in and of itself, but merely acts as a catalyst to the greater reaction.

============================================================================

- Diagram of a Chain Reaction

------------------------------

|

|

|

|

[1]------------------------------> o

. o o .

. o_0_o . <-----------------------[2]

. o 0 o .

. o o .

|

\|/

~

. o o. .o o .

[3]-----------------------> . o_0_o"o_0_o .

. o 0 o~o 0 o .

. o o.".o o .

|

/ | \

|/_ | _\|

~~ | ~~

|

o o | o o

[4]-----------------> o_0_o | o_0_o <---------------[5]

o~0~o | o~0~o

o o ) | ( o o

/ o \

/ [1] \

/ \

/ \

/ \

o [1] [1] o

. o o . . o o . . o o .

. o_0_o . . o_0_o . . o_0_o .

. o 0 o . <-[2]-> . o 0 o . <-[2]-> . o 0 o .

. o o . . o o . . o o .

/ | \

|/_ \|/ _\|

~~ ~ ~~

. o o. .o o . . o o. .o o . . o o. .o o .

. o_0_o"o_0_o . . o_0_o"o_0_o . . o_0_o"o_0_o .

. o 0 o~o 0 o . <--[3]--> . o 0 o~o 0 o . <--[3]--> . o 0 o~o 0 o .

. o o.".o o . . o o.".o o . . o o.".o o .

. | . . | . . | .

/ | \ / | \ / | \

: | : : | : : | :

: | : : | : : | :

\:/ | \:/ \:/ | \:/ \:/ | \:/

~ | ~ ~ | ~ ~ | ~ [4] o o | o o [5] [4] o o | o o [5] [4] o o | o o [5]

o_0_o | o_0_o o_0_o | o_0_o o_0_o | o_0_o

o~0~o | o~0~o o~0~o | o~0~o o~0~o | o~0~o

o o ) | ( o o o o ) | ( o o o o ) | ( o o

/ | \ / | \ / | \

/ | \ / | \ / | \

/ | \ / | \ / | \

/ | \ / | \ / | \

/ o \ / o \ / o \

/ [1] \ / [1] \ / [1] \

o o o o o o [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1]

============================================================================

- Diagram Outline

--------------------

[1] - Incoming Neutron

[2] - Uranium-235

[3] - Uranium-236

[4] - Barium Atom

[5] - Krypton Atom

===========================================================================

-End of section 2-Diagrams & Documentation of the Atomic Bomb=== Cut ===

С yважением, MeteO

--- GoldED 3.00.Beta3+ * Origin: Мой адpес не дом и не yлица, мой адpес (2:5020/1376.43)

XC: SU.ISR&JEWS

------------------------------- File courtesy of Outlaw Labs -------------------------------

III. The Mechanism of The Bomb

------------------------

Altimeter

--------

An ordinary aircraft altimeter uses a type of Aneroid Barometer which measures the changes in air pressure at different heights. However, changes in air pressure due to the weather can adversely affect the altimeter's readings. It is far more favorable to use a radar (or radio) altimeter for enhanced accuracy when the bomb reaches Ground Zero.

While Frequency Modulated-Continuous Wave (FM CW) is more complicated, the accuracy of it far surpasses any other type of altimeter. Like simple pulse systems, signals are emitted from a radar aerial (the bomb), bounced off the ground and received back at the bomb's altimeter. This pulse system applies to the more advanced altimeter system, only the signal is continuous and centered around a high frequency such as 4200 MHz. This signal is arranged to steadily increase at 200 MHz per interval before dropping back to its original frequency.

As the descent of the bomb begins, the altimeter transmitter will send out a pulse starting at 4200 MHz. By the time that pulse has returned, the altimeter transmitter will be emitting a higher frequency. The difference depends on how long the pulse has taken to do the return journey. When these two frequencies are mixed electronically, a new frequency (the difference between the two) emerges. The value of this new frequency is measured by the built-in microchips. This value is directly proportional to the distance travelled by the original pulse, so it can be used to give the actual height.

In practice, a typical FM CW radar today would sweep 120 times per second. Its range would be up to 10,000 feet (3000 m) over land and 20,000 feet (6000 m) over sea, since sound reflections from water surfaces are clearer.

The accuracy of these altimeters is within 5 feet (1.5 m) for the higher ranges. Being that the ideal airburst for the atomic bomb is usually set for 1,980 feet, this error factor is not of enormous concern.