Эрик Кандель - В поисках памяти

О биологии эмоций в целом см.: С. Darwin, The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals (New York: Appleton, 1873); W. B. Cannon, The James — Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory, Am. Psychol. 39 (1927): 106–124; W. B. Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body (New York: W. W. Norton, 1932); A. R. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making ofConsciousness (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999); M. Davis, The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15 (1992): 353–375; J. E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); J. Panskseep, Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); W. James, What is an emotion? Mind 9, no. 34 (1884): 188–205; C. G. Lange, От Sindsbe Vaegelser et Psycho (Copenhagen: Kromar, 1885). Джеймс перепечатал работу Ланге, в которой была изложена его теория, в своем труде “Принципы психологии” (Principles of Psychology), переизданном недавно в трехтомном собрании сочинений Джеймса: The Works of William James, ed. F. Burkhardt and F. Bowers (1890; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).

Другие сведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:

Cowan, W. М. & E. R. Kandel. Prospects for neurology and psychiatry, JAMA 285 (2001): 594–600.

Huang, Y. Y., К. C. Martin & E. R. Kandel. Both protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase are required in the amygdala for the macromolecular synthesis-dependent late phase of long-term potentiation. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000): 6317–6325.

Kandel, E. R. Disorders of mood: Depression, mania and anxiety disorders, in: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz & Т. M. Jessell, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000, стр. 1209–1226.

Rogan, М. T, M. G. Weisskopf, Y. Y. Huang, E. R. Kandel & J. E. LeDoux. Long-term potentiation in the amygdala: Implications for memory. Chapter 2 in: Neuronal Mechanisms of Memory Formation: Concepts of Long-term Potentiation and Beyond, ed. C. Holscher, 58–76. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Rogan, М. Т., K. S. Leon, D. L. Perez & E. R. Kandel. Distinctneu-ral signatures for safety and danger in the amygdala and striatum of the mouse. Neuron 46 (2005): 309–320.

Shumyatsky, G. P., E. Tsvetkov, G. Malleret, S. Vronskaya, M. Hatton, L. Hampton, J. F. Battey, C. Dulac, E. R. Kandel & V. Y. Bolshakov. Identification of a signaling network in lateral nucleus of amygdala important for inhibiting memory specifically related to learned fear. Cell 111 (2002): 905–918.

Snyder, S. H. Drugs and the Brain. New York: Scientific American Books, 1986.

Tsvetkov, E., W. A. Carlezon Jr., F. M. Benes, E. R. Kandel & V. Y. Bolshakov. Fear conditioning occludes LTP-induced presynap-tic enhancement of synaptic transmission in the cortical pathway to the lateral amygdala. Neuron 34 (2002): 289–300.

Сведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:

Abi-Dargham, A., D. R. Hwang, У. Huang, Y. Zea-Ponce, D. Martinez, I. Lombardo, A. Broft, T. Hashimoto, M. Slifstein, O. Mawlawi, R. VanHeertum & M. Laruelle. Quantitative analysis of striatal and extrastriatal D2 receptors in humans with [18F] fallypride: Validation and reproducibility. In preparation.

Ansorge, M. S., M. Zhou, A. Lira, R. Hen & J. A. Gingrich. Early-life blockade of the 5 — HT transporter alters emotional behavior in adult mice. Science 306 (2004): 879–881.

Baddeley, A. D. Working Memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

Carlsson, M. L., A. Carlsson 81 M. Nilsson. Schizophrenia: From dopamine to glutamate and back. Curr. Med. Chem. 11, no. 3 (2004): 267–277.

Fuster, J. M. The prefrontal cortex — an update: Time is of the essence. Neuron 30, no. 2 (2001): 319–333.

Goldman-Rakic, P. The ‘ psychic’ neuron of the cerebral cortex. An n. N. У. Acad. Sci. 868 (1999): 13–26.

Huang, Y. Y., E. Simpson, C. Kellendonk 81 E. R. Kandel. Genetic evidence for the bi-directional modulation of synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex by Di receptors. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004): 3236–3241.

Jacobsen, C. F. Studies of Cerebral Function in Primates. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936.

Kandel, E. R. Disorders of thought: Schizophrenia. In: Principles of Neural Science. 3rd ed. Ed. E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz & Т. M. jessell, 853–868. New York: Elsevier, 1991.

Lawford, B. R., R. M. Young, E. P. Noble, B. Kann, L. Arnold, J. Rowell 81 T. L. Ritchie. D2 dopamine receptor gene polymorphism: Paroxetine and social functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Euro. Neuropsychopharm. 13, no. 5 (2003): 313–320.

Santarelli, L., M. Saxe, C. Gross, A. Surget, F. Battaglia, S. Dulawa, N. Weisstaub, J. Lee, R. Duman, 0. Arancio, C. Belzung 81 R. Hen. Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science 301 (2003): 805–809.

Seeman, P., T. Lee, M. Chau-Wong & K. Wong. Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic/dopamine receptors. Nature 261 (1976): 717–719.

Snyder, S. H. Drugs and the Brain. New York: Scientific American Books, 1986.

Schwartz, J. М., P. W. Stoessel, L. R. Baxter, К. M. Martin & М. E. Phelps. Systematic changes in cerebral glucose metabolic rate after successful behavior modification treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 53 (1996): 109–113.

Об основах психоанализа см.: С. Brenner, An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis, rev. ed. (New York: International University Press, 1973). О работах Аарона Бека см.: J. S. Beck, Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond (New York: Guilford, 1995).

Один из примеров конструктивной критики эмпирически проверенных методов психотерапии: D. Westen, С. М. Novotny & Н. Thompson Brenner, The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: Assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials, Psychol. Bull. 130 (2004): 631–663.

Другие сведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:

Etkin, А., К. С. Klemenhagen, J. T. Dudman, М. Т. Rogan, R. Hen, E. R. Kandel & J. Hirsch. Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolateral amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces. Neuron 44 (2004): 1043–1055.

Etkin, A., C. Pittenger, H. J. Polan &. E. R. Kandel. Towards a neurobiology of psychotherapy: Basic science and clinical applications. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 17 (2005): 145–158.

Jamison, K. R. An Unquiet Mind. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995; приведенная цитата — ар. 88–89.

Kandel, E. R. A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. Am. J. Psych. 155, no. 4 (1998): 457–469.

Kandel, E. R. Biology and the future of psychoanalysis: A new intellectual framework for psychiatry revisited. Am. J. Psych. 156, no. 4 (1999): 505–524 (см. в особенности список цитируемой в этой статье литературы).

Kandel, E. R. Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and the New Biology of Mind. Arlington, Va.: APA Publishing, 2005.

О концепции дуализма психики и мозга см.: P. S. Church lan d, Brain-wise: Studies in Neurophilosophy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002);

A. R. Dam as 10, Descartes: Error, Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (New York: Putman, 1994); R. Descartes, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, trans. E. S. Haldane & G. R. T. Ross, vol. 1 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1972); J. C. Eccles, Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self (London/New York: Routledge, 1989); M. S. Gazzaniga & M. S. Steven, Free will in the twenty-first century: A discussion of neuroscience and the law, in: Neuroscience and the Law, ed. B. Garland (New York: Dana Press, 2004), отрывок из воспоминаний Рамачанд-рана о его последней встрече с Криком — стр. 57.

О роли бессознательных процессов в восприятии см.: С. Frith, Disorders of cognition and existence of unconscious mental processes: An introduction, in E. R. Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, forthcoming).

О проблеме свободной воли см. там же, а также: S. Blackmore, Consciousness: An Introduction (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); L. Deecke, B. Grozinger & H. H. Kornhuber, Voluntary finger movement in man: Cerebral potential and theory, Biol. Cyber. 23 (1976): 99–119; B. Li bet, Autobiography, in: History of Neuroscience in Autobiography, ed. L. R. Squire, vol. 1, 414–453 (Washington, D. C.: Society for Neuroscience, 1996); B. Libet, C. A. Gleason, E. W. Wright & D. K. Pearl, Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential): The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act, Brain 106 (1983): 623–642; M. Wegner, The Illusion of Conscious Will (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002).

Афинская академия, основанная Платоном, существует и сегодня. В 2005 году меня приняли туда в качестве иностранного члена!

Другие сведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:

Вloom, P. Dissecting the right brain, Book review of The Ethical Brain, by M. Gazzaniga. Nature 436 (2005): 178–179; приведенная цитата — стр. 178.

Crick, F. C., and C. Koch. What is the function of the claustrum? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. В Biol. Sci., June 30, 2005:1271–1279.

Durnwald, M. The psychology of facial expression. Discover 26 (2005): 16–18.

Edelman, G. Wider than the Sky: The Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.

Etkin, A., K. C. Kiemenhagen, J. T. Dudman, M. T. Rogan, R. Hen, E. R. Kandel 81 J. Hirsch. Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolat — eraI amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces. Neuron 44 (2004): 1043–1055.

Kandel, E. R. From nerve cells to cognition: The internal cellular representation required for perception and action. In: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., ed. E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz & Т. M. Jessell. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000, стр. 381–403.