Интернаука - Интернаука №16 (часть3) 2020

mixer, a thermometer and a reversed refrigerator.

removing Zn with 6mol·L-1 HCl solution, 67Ga was

First, starch solution (0.5%) as emulsion stabilizer

back-extracted with 1mol·L-1 HCl solution.

was loaded into reactor and kept temperature of 323K.

3. Result and discussion

Then, organic phase reaction mixture containing sty-

3.1. Extractions of Ga and Zn by extractant polymer

rene, divinylbenzene and initiator (benzoyl peroxide)

resin (static condition)

was fed into reactor under 323K and working mixer for

3.1.1. Extraction equilibrium time

30min. Co-polymerization reaction was carried out un-

Under the static condition (6 mol·L-1 HCl solution,

der 353K for 8h and continuing polymerization reaction

1g of extractant resin), experimental results of determin-

under 363K for 1h. After reaction was finished, synthe-

ing extractability of Ga and Zn were shown in Table.1.

sized polymer was separated by decantation, washed

2~3 times with deionized water and dried.

Table 1.

Extractability (%) of Ga and Zn to TBP extractant polymer resin by time on HCl solution Extractability (%)

time(min)

Ga

Zn

4

31.5

72.5

8

76.3

98.2

12

97.9

98.7

16

99.4

98.6

20

98.5

-

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№ 16 (145), часть 3, 2020 г.

As shown in Table.

Extraction distribution coefficient of Ga (III) and

1, extraction equilibrium times of Ga and Zn were

Zn (II) was calculated by measuring radioactivity of

12.4min and 8min.

samples before and after vibrating. (Table.2)

3.1.2. Determining extraction distribution coeffi-

cient

Table 2.

Extraction distribution coefficient (Kd) of Ga and Zn to TBP extractant polymer resin (static condition) Conc. of HCl

extraction distribution coefficient ( Kd )

(mol·L-1)

Ga

Zn

0.1

0.01

0.08

1.0

1.1

12.3

2.0

27.5

18.8

3.0

104.6

32.8

4.0

816.7

22

6.0

1360

3.8

8.0

1845

1.4

As shown in Table.2, distribution coefficient of Ga

3.2.1. Determining extraction distribution coeffi-

was increased by concentration of HCl. Distribution

cient and column equilibrium constant

coefficient of Ga and Zn were 357.9 and 1317.9 on 6.8

On the column, while 67Ga and 65Zn were extracted

mol·L-1 HCl solution.

on 6 mol·L-1 HCl, maximum eluent volumes ( Vmax ) were 3.2. Extractions of Ga and Zn by extractant polymer

416mL and 1.2mL. Base on those, column equilibrium

resin (dynamic condition)

constant and distribution coefficient on the column were

shown in Table. 3.

Table 3.

Equilibrium constant and distribution coefficient of 67Ga and 65Zn on the column

Column equilibrium constant ( D )

Extraction distribution coefficient on the column ( K )67Ga

331.1

1418.2

65Zn

1.3

5.6

As shown in Table. 3, distribution coefficients un-

3.2.2. Relation between extraction time and ex-

der the kinetic condition were 5% (for Ga) and 9% (for

change ratio ( F ) on the column

Zn) higher than ones under the static condition. Equilib-

Variation of exchange ratio of 67Ga (non-radioactive

rium coefficient of Ga was 253.3 times higher than one

Ga concentration; 450μg·mL-1) by time on extractant

of Zn. It showed that extraction rate of Ga was faster resin column was shown as Fig. 1.

than Zn, respectably.

% ,1,2

o

ati

1

reg0,8

anh0,6

c

277K

x e0,4

289K

Ga

308K

0,2

0

0

5

10

15

20

25

extraction time,min

Figure 1. variation of extractability of Ga by time on extractant resin column

As shown in Fig.1, on extractant resin column ex-

67Ga extraction velocity constants and film distribu-

traction equilibrium time of 67Ga was 11min at 308K,

tion coefficient on the column by temperature were

18min at 291K and 24min at 277K.

shown in Table.4.

3.2.3. Kinetics of 67Ga extraction on the column

Table 4.

67Ga extraction rate constants and film distribution coefficient on the column by temperatureTemperature (K)

277

289

308

Rate constant ( β )

0.107

0.074

0.218

film distribution coefficient ( Df )

8.0×10-6

5.8×10-5

1.12×10-5

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By experimental results, it was found that during

and Bt was determined while 67Ga was extracted on early period of column process, film diffusion was rate-extraction chromatograph column. Relation between t determining step and after that, gel diffusion was rate-and Bt at 289K was shown in Fig.2.

determining step. So relation between extraction time

3,5

3

Bt

2,5

2

1,5

1

0,5

0

0

5

10

15

20

t, min

Figure 2. Relation between t and Bt (289K) for Ga extraction on the column

By t-Bt relation at 289K, extraction reaction rate static condition and column equilibrium constant of Ga

constant was 0.23cm-1. So on extractant polymer resin was 254.7times higher than Zn. While 67Ga extracted to

column, extraction process of 67Ga was assumed to be extractant resin was back extracted with 0.05mol·L-1

simultaneous process of film diffusion and gel diffusion.

HCl solution, back-extractability under the static condi-

Activation energy of extraction reaction on the column tion was only 15~20%, but was 94% under the dynamic

determined from relation between lnβ and 1/T was condition and it was found that dynamic condition had E*=14.92kJ·mol-1.

very advantage for back-extraction than static one. From

4. Conclusion

the relation between temperature and extraction equilib-

Extraction characteristics of Ga and Zn on extract-

rium time, it was found that diffusion of Ga ion into ant resin-HCl solution system were found resolved un-surface and interior of resin granule was carried out.

der static and dynamic condition. While concentration

Extraction rate constant was 0.23cm-1 at 289K. On ex-of Ga ion on 6mol·L-1 HCl solution was more than

tractant polymer resin column, extraction process of

300mg·L-1, Ga extraction could be achieved equilibrium

67Ga was assumed to be simultaneous process of film

and Ga saturated extraction capacity of dry extractant diffusion and gel diffusion. Activation energy of extrac-resin was 29.02mg·g-1. Distribution coefficients under

tion reaction on the column was E*=14.92kJ/mol.

the dynamic condition were higher than ones under the

References:

1. Yamamoto, M., Komura, K., Sakanoue, M. A simple sequential separation method of Pu and Am by anion exchange and extraction chromatography. Radiochimica Acta, 29: 205 (1981).

2. Baker, J.D., Gehrke, R.J., Greenwood, R.C., Meikrantz, D. H. Rapid separation of individual rare earth elements from fission products. Radiochimica Acta, 28: 51 (1981).

3. Horwitz, E.P., Chiarizia, R., Dietz, M.L., Diamond, H., and Nelson, D.M., Separation and preconcentra tion of ac-tinides from acidic media by extraction chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta, 281: 361 (1993).

4. Serranog, J., Kimura, T. Extraction chromatography in the TBP-HNO3 system III. Application of the TBP/XAD-4

column for analytical separation of uranium, neptunium, plutonium and americium. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 172: 97 (1993).

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ECONOMICS

THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNET MARKETING AND ITS IMPROVEMENT IN ENTERPRISES AND COMPANIES IN KAZAKHSTAN

Yeldos Otynbay

Master student, Kazakh University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan, Kazakhstan, Almaty

Gulnar Berdalieva

Candidate of economic sciences

Kazakh University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan, Kazakhstan, Almaty

In the modern world, technological processes are

promotion, product sales, and the formation and

developing rapidly, the process of disseminating infor-maintenance of customer and partner loyalty with the

mation is accelerating, new products appear on the mar-

help of modern Internet technologies. [3]

kets every day, and tools for influencing consumers lose

Now this term has a wider format and can increas-

their relevance. This is the moment when competition is

ingly be associated with such innovative processes as growing rapidly all the time, and companies need to

social media marketing and performance marketing. At

constantly look for new distribution channels and new the same time, this value is increasingly associated with

ways of influencing customers. Nowadays, all global

the promotion of goods and services online.

companies produce their product or services with a

Consider the birth of Internet marketing as a

well-thought-out marketing strategy, thereby expanding

separate entity.The beginning of the development of the list of possible ways to attract consumers through Internet marketing can be considered the 1990s, when

advertising in various platforms. And among these plat-

there was a widespread introduction of the Internet to forms, the most popular is Internet marketing, as the people's lives. Then one of the stages of development of

fastest growing and huge platform designed for the most

this area was the 1996th year, when large corporations,

unique and creative ideas, the implementation of which

like Google, Overture, Yahoo, began to place ads in

is much cheaper and has no restrictions. Therefore, the search engines with pay-per-click. In 2001, D. Sullivan

topic of Internet marketing is quite relevant, especially introduced the concept of “search marketing”, after

its formation and improvement in Kazakhstan.

which great attention was paid to optimizing websites.

In the process of digitalization of the whole world,

If we talk about the turn of development from 2010

all existing tools for promoting goods and services give

to our days. Today, Internet marketing has begun to

way to Internet marketing, because the attention of pro-

grow rapidly in social networks (Facebook, Instagram,

fessionals always turns to a place where a larger number