Эдвард Уилсон - Эусоциальность [Люди, муравьи, голые землекопы и другие общественные животные] [litres]

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Ardipithecus ramidus – вид ископаемых гоминид, который некоторыми исследователями считается древнейшим предком человека. Жил в раннем плиоцене примерно 4,4 млн лет назад, в тропических лесах, был способен к прямохождению и лазанию по деревьям, питался фруктами и орехами. Череп ардипитеков занимает промежуточное положение между шимпанзе и австралопитеками.

C 3-фотосинтез – наиболее древний метаболический путь фиксации атмосферного углерода растениями. Световая и темновая фазы фотосинтеза протекают в одних и тех же участках листьев. Первым продуктом фотосинтеза является трехуглеродное (C 3) соединение – фосфоглицериновая кислота. C 3-фотосинтез характерен для большинства видов современных растений.

C 4-фотосинтез – один из метаболических путей фиксации атмосферного углерода растениями. Световая и темновая фазы фотосинтеза протекают в разных участках листьев. Первыми продуктами являются соединения с четырьмя атомами углерода (C 4) – щавелевоуксусная кислота и яблочная кислота (малат). C 4-растения способны расти в более засушливых местообитаниях, по сравнению C 3-растениями, при высоких температурах, в условиях засоления и недостатка углекислого газа. C 4-фотосинтез характерен для многих тропических и субтропических растений, в том числе для некоторых важных культурных видов – сахарного тростника, просо, сорго и кукурузы.

Homo erectus (человек прямоходящий) – вид ископаемых гоминид, который считается непосредственным предшественником современных людей. Представители вида объединялись в большие устойчивые семейные коллективы – «первобытное стадо», использовали каменные орудия труда. Судя по последним находкам, Homo erectus могли дожить до появления современных людей.