Роберт Сапольски - Биология добра и зла. Как наука объясняет наши поступки

К сноске: F. Gervasi. The Life and Times of Menachem Begin . (New York: Putnam, 2009).

Хороший обзор на эту тему: K. Miczek et al., “Neurosteroids, GABAA Receptors, and Escalated Aggressive Behavior,” Horm Behav 44 (2003): 242; and S. Motta et al., “Dissecting the Brain’s Fear System Reveals That the Hypothalamus Is Critical for Responding in Subordinate Conspecific Intruders,” PNAS 106 (2009): 4870.

Небольшая и обескураживающая литература касается молодых солдат и пострадавших при геноциде, которые смогли преодолеть симптомы посттравматических расстройств с помощью жестокого поведения: R. Weierstall et al., “When Combat Prevents PTSD Symptoms: Results from a Survey with Former Child Soldiers in Northern Uganda,” BMC, Psychiatry 12 (2012): 41; R. Weierstall et al., “The Thrill of Being Violent as an Antidote to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Rwandese Genocide Perpetrators,” Eur J Psychotraumatology 2 (2011): 6345; V. Nell, “Cruelty’s Rewards: The Gratifications of Perpetrators and Spectators,” BBS 29 (2006): 211; T. Elbert et al., “Fascination Violence: On Mind and Brain of Man Hunters,” Eur Arch Psychiatry and Clin Nsci 260 (2010): S100.

B. Oakley et al., Pathological Altruism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).

L. MacFarquhar, “The Kindest Cut,” New Yorker , July 27, 2009, p. 38.

К сноске: For a lengthy overview of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, see R. Sapolsky, “Nursery Crimes,” in Monkeyluv and Other Essays on Our Lives as Animals (New York: Simon and Schuster /Scribner, 2005).

J. King et al., “Doing the Right Thing: A Common Neural Circuit for Appropriate Violent or Compassion Behavior,” NeuroImage 30 (2006): 1069.

Обзор открытий и размышлений Маклина можно найти в работе: P. MacLean, The Triune Brain in Evolution (New York: Springer, 1990).

A. Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: Putnam, 1994; Penguin, 2005).

W. Nauta, “The Problem of the Frontal Lobe: A Reinterpretation,” J Psychiatric Res 8 (1971): 167; W. Nauta and M. Feirtag, “The Organization of the Brain,” Sci Am 241 (1979): 88.

R. Nelson and B. Trainor, “Neural Mechanisms of Aggression,” Nat Rev Nsci 8 (2007): 536.

Другие следствия повреждения миндалины у человека изложены в работах: A. Young et al., “Face Processing Impairments After Amygdalotomy,” Brain 118 (1995): 15; H. Narabayashi et al., “Stereotaxic Amygdalotomy for Behavior Disorders,” Arch Neurol 9 (1963): 1; V. Balasubramaniam and T. Kanaka, “Amygdalotomy and Hypothalamotomy: A Comparative Study,” Confinia Neurologia 37 (1975): 195; R. Heimburger et al., “Stereotaxic Amygdalotomy for Epilepsy with Aggressive Behavior,” JAMA 198 (1966): 741; B. Ramamurthi, “Stereotactic Operation in Behavior Disorders: Amygdalotomy and Hypothalamotomy,” Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien) 44 (1988): 152; G. Lee et al., “Clinical and Physiological Effects of Stereotaxic Bilateral Amygdalotomy for Intractable Aggression,” J.Neuropsychiatry and Clin Nsci 10 (1998): 413; E. Hitchcock and V. Cairns, “Amygdalotomy,” Postgraduate Med J. 49 (1973): 894 и M. Mpakopoulou et al., “Stereotactic Amygdalotomy in the Management of Severe Aggressive Behavioral Disorders,” Neurosurgical Focus 25 (2008): E6.

Вот некоторые статьи, касающиеся политических споров вокруг хирургического удаления миндалины: V. Mark et al., “Role of Brain Disease in Riots and Urban Violence,” JAMA 201 (1967): 217; P. Breggin, “Psychosurgery for Political Purposes,” Duquesne Law Rev 13 (1975): 841; E. Valenstein, Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of Psychosurgery and Other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness (New York: Basic Books 2010).

C. Holden, “Fuss over a Terrorist’s Brain,” Sci 298 (2002): 1551

D. Eagleman, “The Brain on Trial,” Atlantic , June 7, 2011; G. Lavergne, A Sniper in the Tower (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1997); H. Hylton, “Texas Sniper’s Brother John Whitman Shot,” Palm Beach Post , July 5, 1973, p. A1.

Великолепный обзор роли агрессии в формировании страха: J. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998).

N. Kalin et al., “The Role of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala in Mediating Fear and Anxiety in the Primate,” J Nsci 24 (2004): 5506; T. Hare et al., “Contributions of Amygdala and Striatal Activity in Emotion Regulation,” BP 57 (2005): 624; D. Zald, “The Human Amygdala and the Emotional Evaluation of Sensory Stimuli,” Brain Res Rev 41 (2003): 88.

D. Mobbs et al., “When Fear Is Near: Threat Imminence Elicits Prefrontal-Periaqueductal Gray Shifts in Humans,” Sci 317 (2007): 1079.

G. Berns, “Neurobiological Substrates of Dread,” Sci 312 (2006): 754. Также о роли миндалины в реакции испуга у человека можно прочитать в следующих статьях: R. Adolphs et al., “Impaired Recognition of Emotion in Facial Expressions Following Bilateral Damage to the Human Amygdala,” Nat 372 (1994): 669; A. Young et al., “Face Processing Impairments After Amygdalotomy,” Brain 118 (1995): 15; J. Feinstein et al., “The Human Amygdala and the Induction and Experience of Fear,” Curr Biol 21 (2011): 34; A. Bechara et al., “Double Dissociation of Conditioning and Declarative Knowledge Relative to the Amygdala and Hippocampus in Humans,” Sci 269 (1995): 1115.

A. Gilboa et al., “Functional Connectivity of the Prefrontal Cortex and the Amygdala in PTSD,” BP 55 (2004): 263.

M. Hsu et al., “Neural Systems Responding to Degrees of Uncertainty in Human Decision-Making,” Sci 310 (2006): 1680; J. Rilling et al., “The Neural Correlates of Mate Competition in Dominant Male Rhesus Macaques,” BP 56 (2004): 364.

C. Zink et al., “Know Your Place: Neural Processing of Social Hierarchy in Humans,” Neuron 58 (2008): 273; M. Freitas-Ferrari et al., “Neuroimaging in Social Anxiety Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature,” Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biol Psychiatry 34 (2010): 565.

G. Berns et al., “Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence During Mental Rotation,” BP 58 (2005): 245.

K. Tye et al., “Amygdala Circuitry Mediating Reversible and Bidirectional Control of Anxiety,” Nat 471 (2011): 358; S. Kim et al., “Differing Neural Pathways Assemble a Behavioural State from Separable Features in Anxiety,” Nat 496 (2013): 219.

J. Ipser et al., “Meta-analysis of Functional Brain Imaging in Specific Phobia,” Psychiatry and Clin Nsci 67 (2013): 311; U. Lueken, “Neural Substrates of Defensive Reactivity in Two Subtypes of Specific Phobia,” SCAN 9 (2013): 11; A. Del Casale et al., “Functional Neuroimaging in Specific Phobia,” Psychiatry Res 202 (2012): 181; J. Feinstein et al., “Fear and Panic in Humans with Bilateral Amygdala Damage,” Nat Nsci 16 (2013): 270.

M. Cook and S. Mineka, “Selective Associations in the Observational Conditioning of Fear in Rhesus Monkeys,” J Exp Psych and Animal Behav Processes 16 (1990): 372; S. Mineka and M. Cook, “Immunization Against the Observational Conditioning of Snake Fear in Rhesus Monkeys,” J Abnormal Psych 95 (1986): 307.

S. Rodrigues et al., “Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Emotional Learning and Memory in the Lateral Amygdala,” Neuron 44 (2004): 75; J. Johansen et al., “Optical Activation of Lateral Amygdala Pyramidal Cells Instructs Associative Fear Learning,” PNAS 107 (2010): 12692; S. Rodrigues et al., “The Influence of Stress Hormones on Fear Circuitry,” Ann Rev of Nsci , 32 (2009): 289; S. Rumpel et al., “Postsynaptic Receptor Trafficking Underlying a Form of Associative Learning,” Sci 308 (2005): 83. Другие работы в этой области: C. Herry et al., “Switching On and Off Fear by Distinct Neuronal Circuits,” Nat 454 (2008): 600; S. Maren and G. Quirk, “Neuronal Signaling of Fear Memory,” Nat Rev Nsci 5 (2004): 844; S. Wolff et al., “Amygdala Interneuron Subtypes Control Fear Learning Through Disinhibition,” Nat 509 (2014): 453; R. LaLumiere, “Optogenetic Dissection of Amygdala Functioning,” Front Behav Nsci 8 (2014): 1.

T. Amano et al., “Synaptic Correlates of Fear Extinction in the Amygdala,” Nat Nsci 13 (2010): 489; M. Milad and G. Quirk, “Neurons in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Signal Memory for Fear Extinction,” Nat 420 (2002): 70; E. Phelps et al., “Extinction Learning in Humans: Role of the Amygdala and vmPFC,” Neuron 43 (2004): 897; S. Ciocchi et al., “Encoding of Conditioned Fear in Central Amygdala Inhibitory Circuits,” Nat 468 (2010): 277; W. Haubensak et al., “Genetic Dissection of an Amygdala Microcircuit That Gates Conditioned Fear,” Nat 468 (2010): 270.

K. Gospic et al., “Limbic Justice: Amygdala Involvement in Immediate Rejections in the Ultimatum Game,” PLoS ONE 9 (2011): e1001054; B. De Martino et al., “Frames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the Human Brain,” Sci 313 (2006): 684; A. Bechara et al., “Role of the Amygdala in Decision-Making,” ANYAS 985 (2003): 356; B. De Martino et al., “Amygdala Damage Eliminates Monetary Loss Aversion,” PNAS 107 (2010): 3788; J. Van Honk et al., “Generous Economic Investments After Basolateral Amygdala Damage,” PNAS 110 (2013): 2506.

R. Adolphs et al., “The Human Amygdala in Social Judgment,” Nat 393 (1998): 470.

D. Zald, “The Human Amygdala and the Emotional Evaluation of Sensory Stimuli,” Brain Res Rev 41 (2003): 88; C. Saper, “Animal Behavior: The Nexus of Sex and Violence,” Nat 470 (2011): 179; D. Lin et al., “Functional Identification of an Aggression Locus in Mouse Hypothalamus,” Nat 470 (2011): 221; M. Baxter and E. Murray, “The Amygdala and Reward,” Nat Rev Nsci 3 (2002): 563. А вот другая область исследований – об активирующих миндалину положительных стимулах: S. Aalto et al., “Neuroanatomical Substrate of amusement and Sadness: A PET Activation Study Using Film Stimuli,” Neuroreport 13 (2002): 67–73; T. Uwano et al., “Neuronal Responsiveness to Various Sensory Stimuli, and Associative Learning in the Rat Amygdala,” Nsci 68 (1995): 339; K. Tye and P. Janak, “Amygdala Neurons Differentially Encode Motivation and Reinforcement,” J Nsci 27 (2007): 3937; G. Schoenbaum et al., “Orbitofrontal Cortex and Basolateral Amygdala Encode Expected Outcomes During Learning,” Nat Nsci 1 (1998): 155; I. Aharon et al., “Beautiful Faces Have Variable Reward Value: fMRI and Behavioral Evidence,” Neuron 32 (2001): 537.