Роберт Сапольски - Биология добра и зла. Как наука объясняет наши поступки

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J. Pfeifer et al., “Mirroring Others’ Emotions Relates to Empathy and Interpersonal Competence in Children,” NeuroImage 39 (2008): 2076; V. Gallese, “The ‘Shared Manifold’ Hypothesis: From Mirror Neurons to Empathy,” J Consciousness Studies 8 (2001): 33.

J. Kaplan and M. Iacoboni, “Getting a Grip on Other Minds: Mirror Neurons, Intention Understanding, and Cognitive Empathy,” Soc Nsci 1 (2006): 175.

Центр создания культуры эмпатии, “Mirror Neurons,” http://cultureofempathy.com/, no date, http://cultureofempathy.com/References/Mirror-Neurons.htm; J. Marsh, “Do Mirror Neurons Give Us Empathy?” Greater Good Newsletter , March 29, 2012; V. Ramachandran, “Mirror Neurons and Imitation Learning as the Driving Force Behind ‘the Great Leap Forward’ in Human Evolution,” Edge , May 31, 2000.

Grayling цит. по C. Jarrett, “Mirror Neurons: The Most Hyped Concept in Neuroscience?” Psychology Today , December 10, 2012, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/brain-myths/201212/mirror-neurons-the-most-hyped-concept-in-neuroscience; C. Buckley, “Why Our Hero Leapt onto the Tracks and We Might Not,” New York Times , January 7, 2007.

Все цитаты по: Hickok, 2014, op cit. Дополнительный анализ скептицизма см: C. Jarrett, “A Calm Look at the Most Hyped Concept in Neuroscience: Mirror Neurons,” Wired , December 13, 2013; D. Dobbs, “Mirror Neurons: Rock Stars or Backup Singers?” News Blog , ScientificAmerican.com, December 18, 2007; B. Thomas, “What’s So Special About Mirror Neurons?” Guest Blog , ScientificAmerican.com, November 6, 2012; A. Gopnik, “Cells That Read Minds?” Slate , April 26, 2007; and “A Mirror to the World,” Economist , May 12, 2005, www.economist.com/node/3960516.

L. Jamison, “Forum: Against Empathy,” Boston Review , September 10, 2014.

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B. Briers et al., “Hungry for Money: The Desire for Caloric Resources Increases the Desire for Financial Resources and Vice Versa?” Psych Sci 17 (2006): 939; J. Twenge et al., “Social Exclusion Decreases Prosocial Behavior,” JPSP 92 (2007): 56; L. Martin et al., “Reducing Social Stress Elicits Emotional Contagion of Pain in Mouse and Human Strangers,” Curr Biol 25 (2015): 326.

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A. Lutz et al., “Long-Term Meditators Self-Induce High-Amplitude Gamma Synchrony During Mental Practice,” PNAS 101 (2004): 16369; T. Singer and M. Ricard, eds., Caring Economics: Conversations on Altruism and Compassion, Between Scientists, Economists, and the Dalai Lama (New York: St Martin’s Press, 2015); O. Klimecki et al., “Functional Neural Plasticity and Associated Changes in Positive Affect After Compassion Training,” Cerebral Cortex 23 (2013): 1552.

P. Bloom, “Against Empathy,” Boston Review , September 10, 2014; B. Oakley, Cold-Blooded Kindness (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2011); Y. Cheng et al., “Expertise Modulates the Perception of Pain in Others,” Curr Biol 17 (2007): 1708; Davidson and Begley, op cit.; цитата взята из этого источника.

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“Fighting and Dying for the Colors at Gettysburg,” HistoryNet.com, June 7, 2007, www.historynet.com/fighting-and-dying-for-the-colors-at-gettysburg.htm.

Смерть Тэвина Прайса: Brainuser1, “Mentally Challenged Teen Shot Dead for Wearing Wrong Color Shoes,” EurThisNThat.com, September 22, 2016, www.eurthisnthat.com/2015/06/03/mentally-challenged-teen-shot-dead-for-wearing-wrong-color-shoes/comment-page-1/. Ирландская голодовка: “1981 Irish hunger strikers,” Wikipedia.com, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_ strike#First_hunger_strike. Убийства за “My Way”: N. Onishi, “Sinatra Song Often Strikes Deadly Chord,” New York Times, February 7, 2010.

К сноске: T. Appenzeller, “Old Masters,” Nat 497 (2013): 302.

R. Hughes, The Shock of the New (New York: Knopf, 1991). Данная ссылка включена, чтобы создать впечатление, что я прочитал эту книгу: M. Foucault, This Is Not a Pipe (Oakland: University of California Press, 1983).

T. Deacon, The Symbolic Species: The Coevolution of Language and the Brain (New York: Norton, 1997).

К сноске: L. Boroditsky, “How Language Shapes Thought,” Sci Am , February, 2011.

G. Lakoff and M. Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980); G. Lakoff, Moral Politics: What Conservatives Know That Liberals Don ’t (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).

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M. Kramer et al., “Distinct Mechanism for Antidepressant Activity by Blockade of Central Substance P Receptors,” Sci 281 (1998): 1640; B. Bondy et al., “Substance P Serum Levels are Increased in Major Depression: Preliminary Results,” BP 53 (2003): 538; G. S. Berns et al., “Neurobiological Substrates of Dread,” Sci 312 (2006): 754.

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C. Chan et al., “Moral Violations Reduce Oral Consumption,” J Consumer Psych 24 (2014): 381; K. J. Eskine et al., “The Bitter Truth About Morality: Virtue, Not Vice, Makes a Bland Beverage Taste Nice,” PLoS ONE 7 (2012): e41159.

E. J. Horberg et al., “Disgust and the Moralization of Purity,” JPSP 97 (2009): 963.

K. Smith et al., “Disgust Sensitivity and the Neurophysiology of Left-Right Political Orientations,” PLoS ONE 6 (2011): e2552; G. Hodson and K. Costello, “Interpersonal Disgust, Ideological Orientations, and Dehumanization as Predictors of Intergroup Attitudes,” Psych Sci 18 (2007): 691; M. Landau et al., “Evidence That Self-Relevant Motives and Metaphoric Framing Interact to Influence Political and Social Attitudes,” Psych Sci 20 (2009): 1421.

A. Sanfey et al., “The Neural Basis of Economic Decision-Making in the Ultimatum Game,” Sci 300 (2003): 1755.

T. Wang et al., “Is Moral Beauty Different from Facial Beauty? Evidence from an fMRI Study,” SCAN 10 (2015): 814.

S. Lee and N. Schwarz, “Washing Away Postdecisional Dissonance,” Sci 328 (2010): 709.

S. Schnall et al., “With a Clean Conscience: Cleanliness Reduces the Severity of Moral Judgments,” Psych Sci 19 (2008): 1219; K. Kaspar et al., “Hand Washing Induces a Clean Slate Effect in Moral Judgments: A Pupillometry and Eye-Tracking Study,” Sci Rep 5 (2015): 10471.

C. B. Zhong and K. Liljenquist, “Washing Away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing,” Sci 313 (2006): 1451; L. N. Harkrider et al., “Threats to Moral Identity: Testing the Effects of Incentives and Consequences of One’s Actions on Moral Cleansing,” Ethics & Behav 23 (2013): 133.

M. Schaefer et al., “Dirty Deeds and Dirty Bodies: Embodiment of the Macbeth Effect Is Mapped Topographically onto the Somatosensory Cortex,” Sci Rep 5 (2015): 18051. См. также: C. Denke et al., “Lying and the Subsequent Desire for Toothpaste: Activity in the Somatosensory Cortex Predicts Embodiment of the Moral-Purity Metaphor,” Cerebral Cortex 26 (2016): 477. Обсуждение этих открытий: D. Johnson et al., “Does Cleanliness Influence Moral Judgments? A Direct Replication of Schnall, Benton, and Harvey (2008),” Soc Psych 45 (2014): 209; J. L. Huang, “Does Cleanliness Influence Moral Judgments? Response Effort Moderates the Effect of Cleanliness Priming on Moral Judgments,” Front Psych 5 (2014): 1276.