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20 Ruth Sherlock, „Bodyguard of Syrian Rebel Who Defected to Isil Reveals Secrets of the Jihadist Leadership“ The Telegraph, November 10, 2014, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state /11221995 / Bodyguard-of-Syrian-rebel-who-defected-to-Isil-reveals-secrets-of-the-jihadist-leadership.html.

21 Anjarini, 2014.

22 Shiraz Maher, „From Portsmouth to Kobane: The British Jihadis Fighting for Isis“ NewStatesman, November 6, 2014, www. newstatesman.com/2014/10/portsmouth-kobane.

23 „CIA Says IS Numbers Underestimated“ Al Jazeera, September 12, 2014, www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/09/cia-triples-number-islamic-state-fighters-201491232912623733. html.

24 Интервью, взятое одним из авторов, ноябрь 2014 г.

25 Интервью с сирийскими активистами и повстанцами, 2013–2014 гг.

26 Kyle Orton, „What to do About Syria: Sectarianism and the Minorities“ The Syrian Intifada blog, December 24,2014, kyleor-tonl991.wordpress.com/2014/12/24/what-to-do-about-syria-sectarianism-and-the-minorities.

27 „Kawalis al-Thawra Program, 7th episode with Mousa al-Ghannami“, YouTube video, 36:13, posted by December 20, 2014, www.youtube.com/watch? v=sYtJOXNMoKI.

1 „Head to Head — Will ISIL Put an End to Iraq?“ YouTube video, 47:27, posted by Al Jazeera English, November 21,2014, http:// youtu.be/XkJ19UbG21o.

2 Nico Prucha, „Is This the Most Successful Release of a Jihadist Video Ever?“ Jihadica blog, May 19,2014, www.jihadica.com/is-this-the-most-successful-release-of-a-jihadist-video-ever. Video can be found at ihadology.net/2014/05/17/al-furqan-media-presents-a-new-video-message-from-the-islamic-state-of-iraq-and-al-sham-clanging-of-the-swords-part-4.

3 J. M. Berger, „How ISIS Games Twitter“ The Atlantic, June 16,2014, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/isis-iraq-twitter-social-media-strategy/372856.

4 „The Failed Crusade“ Dabiq, Issue 4, October 2014, media.clar-ionproject.org/files/islamic-state/islamic-state-isis-magazine-Issue-4-the-failed-crusade.pdf.

5 Hashim, 2014.

6 „Mufti ‘Daash’ Legitimate: Hedma Shrines of Mosul, on the Basis of the ‘Modern Prophetic,“’ Al-Ghad, November 17, 2014, www. alghad.com/articles/836900.

7 Think AgainHim Away, Twitter post, January 15,2015,11:04a.m., twitter.eom/ThinkAgain_DOS/status/555802610083852289.

8 Dan Lamothe, „US Military Social Media Accounts Apparently Hacked by Islamic State Sympathizers“ Washington Post, January 12, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/news/check-point/wp/2015/01/12/centcom-twitter-account-apparently-hacked-by-islamic-state-sympathizer.

9 Eli Lake and Josh Rogin, „Islamic State’s Psychological War on US Troops“ Bloomberg View, January 15, 2015, www.bloomb-ergview.com/articles/2015-01-15/islamic-states-psychological-war-on-us-troops; „ISIS Supporters Just Hacked the US Military’s CENTCOM Twitter Account.“ Vox, posted by Zack Beauchamp, January 12, 2015, www.vox.com/2015/1/12/7532363/cent-com-hack-isis.

1 Bradley Klapper and Kimberly Dozier, „Al-Qaeda Building Well-Organized Network in Syria: US Intelligence Officials“ National Post, August 10,2015, news.nationalpost.com/2012/08/10/al-qaeda-building-well-organized-network-in-syria.

2 Bradley Klapper and Kimberly Dozier, „US Officials: al-Qaeda Gaining Foothold in Syria“ Yahoo! News, August 10, 2012, news.yahoo.com/us-officials-al-qaida-gaining-foothold-syria-201207990.html.

3 Julian Borger, „Syria Crisis: West Loses Faith in SNC to Unite Opposition Groups“ The Guardian, August 14, 2012, www.the-guardian.com/world/2012/aug/13/syria-opposition-groups-national-council.

4 „Syrian Opposition Survey: June 1 — July 2, 2012“ The International Republican Institute and Pechter Polls, iri. org/sites/default/files/2012%20August%2017%20Survey%20 of%20Syrian%200pposition,%20June%201-July%202,%20 2012.pdf.

5 „Treasury Sanctions Al-Nusrah Front Leadership in Syria and Militias Supporting the Asad Regime“ US Department of the Treasury, December 11,2012, www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tgl797.aspx.

6 Ruth Sherlock, „Syrian Rebels Defy US and Pledge Allegiance to Jihadi Group“ The Telegraph, December 10,

2012, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/mid-dleeast/syria/9735988/Syrian-rebels-defy-US-and-pledge-allegiance-to-jihadi-group.html.

7 Rania Abouzedi, „How Islamist Rebels in Syria Are Ruling a Fallen Provincial Capital“ TIME, March 23, 2013, world.time. com/2013/03/23/how-islamist-rebels-in-syria-are-ruling-a-fallen-provincial-capital.

8 Paul Wood, „The Day Saddam’s Statue Fell“ BBC News, April 9, 2004, news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3611869.stm.

9 Rania Abouzeid, „A Black Flag in Raqqa“ New Yorker, April 2,

2013, www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/a-black-flag-in-raqqa.

10 Abouzeid, March 2013.

11 Abouzeid, April 2013.

12 Rita Katz and Adam Raisman, „Special Report on the Power Struggle Between al-Qaeda Branches and Leadership“ INSITE on Terrorism blog, June 25, 2013, news.siteintelgroup. com/blog/index.php/about-us/21-jihad/3195-special-report-on-the-power-struggle-between-al-qaeda-branches-and-leade-rship-al-qaeda-in-iraq-vs-al-nusra-front-and-zawahiri.

13 Там же.

14 Там же.

15 Translation of al-Qaeda Chief Ayman al-Zawahiri’s Letter to the Leaders of the Two Jihadi Groups» accessed January 18, 2015, s3.documentcloud.org / documents / 7105 88 / translation-of-ayman-al-zawahiris-letter.pdf.

16 Thomas Joscelyn, «Al Qaeda’s Chief Representative in Syria Killed in Suicide Attack» The Long War Journal, February 23,2014, www. longwarjoumal.org/archives/2014/02/zawahiris_chief_repr.php.

17 «Sources in Aleppo, Syrian Net: Syrian Regime Released from Abu Musab al-Suri and his Assistant Abu Khaled, Observers See a Threat to Washington» Aleppo Syrian Net, December 23,2011, Accessed January 3,2015, www.sooryoon.net/archives/41907.

18 Caleb Weiss, «Caucasus Emirate Eulogizes Slain Ahrar al Sham Leaders» The Long War Journal, September 15,2014, www.long-warjournal.org/archives /2014/09/caucasus_emirate_eul.php.

19 James Barr, A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle That Shaped the Middle East (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), p. 12.

20 Ian Black, «Isis Breach of Iraq-Syria Border Merges Two Wars into One ‘Nightmarish Reality,»’ The Guardian, June 18, 2014, www. theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/18/isis-iraq-syria-two-wars-one-nightmare.

21 Constanze Letsch, «Foreign Jihadis Change Face of Syrian Civil War» The Guardian, December 25, 2014, www.theguardian. com/world/2014/dec/25/foreign-jihadis-syrian-civil-war-assad.

22 Paul Wood, «Key Free Syria Army Rebel ‘Killed by Islamist Group» BBC News, July 12, 2013, www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23283079.

23 «New Front Opens in Syria as Rebels Say al Qaeda Attack Means War» Reuters UK, July 13, 2013, uk.reuters.com/article /2013/07/13/uk-syria-crisis-idUKBRE96B08C20130713.

24 Richard Spencer, «Al-Qaeda-Linked Rebels Apologise After Cutting Off Head of Wrong Person» The Telegraph, November 14, 2013, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/mid-dleeast/syria/10449815/Al-Qaeda-linked-rebels-apologise-after-cutting-off-head-of-wrong-person.html.

25 «Rule of Terror: Living Under ISIS in Syria» Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, United Nations, November 14, 2014, www.ohchr. org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/HRC_CRP_ ISIS_14Nov2014.pdf.

26 Tareq al-Abed, «The Impending Battle Between FSA, Islamic State of Iraq and Syria» Al-Monitor, July 31, 2013, www.al-monitor. com/pulse/security/2013/07/syria-possible-battle-fsa-islamic-state-iraq-syria.html.

27 Lauren Williams, «Islamist Militants Drive Free Syrian Army Out of Raqqa» The Daily Star Lebanon, August 15,2013, www.dailys-tar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Aug-15/227444-islamist-militants-drive-free-syrian-army-out-of-raqqa.ashx.

28 Там же.

29 Michael Weiss, «Has Sahwa Hit the Fan in Syria?» NOW Lebanon, January 8, 2014, now.mmedia.me/lb/en/commentaryanaly-sis/529244-has-sahwa-hit-the-fan-in-syria.

30 Там же.

31 Там же.

32 Там же.

33 Там же.

34 Там же.

35 Там же.

36 Интервью, взятое одним из авторов, январь 2015 г.

37 Там же.

38 Там же.

39 Там же.

40 Там же.

41 Там же.

42 Richard Barrett, «The Islamic State» The Soufan Group, November 2014, soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TSG-The-Islamic-State-Novl4.pdf.

43 Yossef Bodansky, «The Sochi Olympics Terror Threat has Links to Camps in Syria that are Supported by the US» World Tribune, January 24,2014, www.worldtribune.com/2014/01/24/the-sochi-olympics-terror-threat-has-links-to-camps-in-syria-that-are-supported-by-the-u-s.

44 Liz Sly, «Al-Qaeda Disavows Any Ties with Radical Islamist ISIS Group in Syria, Iraq» Washington Post, February 3, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/al-qaeda-disavows-any-ties-with-radical-islamist-isis-group-in-syria-iraq/2014/02/03/2c9afc3a-8cef-lle3-98ab-fe5228217bdl_ story.html.

45 Abu Bakr al Haj Ali, «Abu Maria: The Nusra Leader Behind the Split with IS in Syria?» Middle East Eye , November 14, 2014, www.middleeasteye.net/in-depth/features/changes-jabhat-al-nusra-indicate-changes-entire-battlefield-1875666927.

46 Nibras Kazimi, «The Caliphate Attempted» Hudson Institute, July 1, 2008, www.hudson.org/research/9854-the-caliphate-attempted-zarqawi-s-ideological-heirs-their-choice-for-a-caliph-and-the-collapse-of-their-self-styled-islamic-state-of-iraq.

47 «Syria: Countrywide Conflict Report #4» The Carter Center, September 11, 2014, www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/peace/con-flict_resolution/syria-conflict/NationwideUpdate-Sept-18-2014. pdf.

48 Kyle Orton, «The Assad Regime’s Collusion with ISIS and al-Qaeda: Assessing the Evidence» The Syrian Intifada blog, March 24, 2014, kyleortonl991.wordpress.com/2014/03/24/assess-ing-the-evidence-of-collusion-between-the-assad-regime-and-the-wahhabi-j ihadists-part-1.

49 Michael Weiss, «Trust Iran Only as Far as You Can Throw It» Foreign Policy, June 23,2014, foreignpolicy.com/2014/06/23/trust-iran-only-as-far-as-you-can-throw-it.

50 Там же.

51 Ruth Sherlock. «Syria’s Assad Accused of Boosting al-Qaeda with Secret Oil Deals» The Telegraph , January 20, 2014, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10585391/Syrias-Assad-accused-of-boosting-al-Qaeda-with-secret-oil-deals.html.

52 Frederic C. Hof, «Syria: Should the West Work with Assad?» Atlantic Council, July 10,2014, www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/mena-source/syria-should-the-west-work-with-assad.

1 William D. Wunderle, A Manual for American Servicemen in the Arab Middle East: Using Cultural Understanding to Defeat Adversaries and Win the Peace (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2013).

2 Carole A. O’Leary and Nicholas A. Heras, «Syrian Tribal Networks and their Implications for the Syrian Uprising» The Jamestown Foundation, June 1, 2012, www.jamestown.org/single/7no_cache = 1 &tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39452.

3 YouTube video, 7:28, posted by Shaam Network S.N. N., April 1, 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4wwlxUrHMs.

4 Nasser Al-Ayed, «Jihadists and Syrian Tribes» Global Arab Network, November 6, 2014, www.globalarabnetwork.com/stud-ies/13181-2014-11-06-11-53-28.