Юваль Ной Харари - 21 урок для XXI века [Версия с комментированными отличиями перевода]

‘If We Know Meat Is Murder, Why Is It So Hard For Us to Change and Become Moral?’, Haaretz, 21 June 2012.

‘The Theatre of Terror’, Guardian, 31 January 2015.

‘Judaism Is Not a Major Player in the History of Humankind’, Haaretz, 31 July 2016.

‘Yuval Noah Harari on Big Data, Google and the End of Free Will’, FT.com, 26 August 2016.

‘Isis is as much an offshoot of our global civilisation as Google’, Guardian, 9 September 2016.

‘Salvation by Algorithm: God, Technology and New 21st Century Religion’, New Statesman, 9 September 2016.

‘Does Trump’s Rise Mean Liberalism’s End?’, New Yorker, 7 October 2016.

‘Yuval Noah Harari Challenges the Future According to Facebook’, Financial Times, 23 March 2017.

‘Humankind: The Post-Truth Species’, Bloomberg.com, 13 April 2017.

‘People Have Limited Knowledge. What’s the Remedy? Nobody Knows’, New York Times, 18 April 2017.

‘The Meaning of Life in a World Without Work’, Guardian, 8 May 2017.

‘In Big Data vs. Bach, Computers Might Win’, Bloomberg View, 13 May 2017.

‘Are We About to Witness the Most Unequal Societies in History?’, Guardian, 24 May 2017.

‘Universal Basic Income is Neither Universal Nor Basic’, Bloomberg View, 4 June 2017.

‘Why It’s No Longer Possible For Any Country to Win a War’, Time.com, 23 June 2017.

‘The Age of Disorder: Why Technology is the Greatest Threat to Humankind’, New Statesman, 25 July 2017.

‘Reboot for the AI Revolution’, Nature News, 17 October 2017.

Юваль Ной Харари (р. 1976) защитил докторскую диссертацию в Оксфорде и преподает всемирную историю в Еврейском университете в Иерусалиме. В своих исследованиях Юваль Харари соединяет исторический подход с естественно-научным, задаваясь масштабными вопросами: «Какова связь между историей и биологией?», «Есть ли у истории направление?», «Существует ли историческая справедливость?», «Становятся ли люди по мере исторического развития счастливее?».

Моя первая книга – «Sapiens» – о нашем прошлом, о том, как мы превратились из ничем не примечательных животных в хозяев планеты Земля. Во второй, «Homo Deus», я попробовал заглянуть в будущее – и «увидел», как уже в этом веке мы преодолеем старость и смерть, приобретем способность создавать растения, животных и даже людей с заданными «характеристиками». Из Homo Sapiens, человека разумного, мы будем превращаться в Homo Deus – человека-бога.

См., например, инаугурационную речь Джорджа Буша – младшего в 2005 году, в которой он сказал: «Исходя из последних событий и руководствуясь здравым смыслом, мы пришли к заключению: сохранение свободы в нашей стране в значительной степени зависит от успеха свободы в других странах. Самую большую надежду на мир дает распространение свободы по всей планете». ‘Bush Pledges to Spread Democracy’, CNN, 20 January 2005, http://edition.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/bush.speech/, accessed 7 January 2018. Что касается Обамы, см., например, его последнюю речь в ООН: Katie Reilly, ‘Read Barack Obama’s Final Speech to the United Nations as President’, Time, 20 September 2016, http://time.com/4501910/president-obama-united-nations-speech-transcript/, accessed 3 December 2017.

William Neikirk and David S. Cloud, ‘Clinton: Abuses Put China “On Wrong Side of History”, Chicago Tribune, 30 October 1997, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-10-30/news/9710300304_1_human-rights-jiang-zemin-chinese-leader, accessed 3 December 2017.

Eric Bradner, ‘Hillary Clinton’s Email Controversy, Explained’, CNN, 28 October 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/hillary-clinton-email-controversy-explained-2016/index.html, accessed 3 December 2017.

Chris Graham and Robert Midgley, ‘Mexico Border Wall: What is Donald Trump Planning, How Much Will It Cost and Who Will Pay for It?’, Telegraph, 23 August 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/mexico-border-wall-donald-trump-planning-much-will-cost-will/, accessed 3 December 2017; Michael Schuman, ‘Is China Stealing Jobs? It May Be Losing Them, Instead’, New York Times, 22 July 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html, accessed 3 December 2017.

Несколько примеров из XIX и начала XX века см. в Evgeny Dobrenko and Eric Naiman (eds.), The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003); W. L. Guttsman, Art for the Workers: Ideology and the Visual Arts in Weimar Germany (New York: Manchester University Press, 1997). Общую дискуссию см., например, в Nicholas John Cull, Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present (Santa Barbara: ABC–CLIO, 2003).

Эту интерпретацию см.: Ishaan Tharoor, ‘Brexit: A modern-day Peasants’ Revolt?’, Washington Post, 25 June 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/25/the-brexit-a-modern-day-peasants-revolt/?utm_term=.9b8e81bd5306; John Curtice, ‘US election 2016: The Trump – Brexit voter revolt’, BBC, 11 November 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37943072.

Самой известной работой, конечно, остается Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Penguin, 1992).

Ayelet Shani, ‘The Israelis Who Take Rebuilding the Third Temple Very Seriously’, Haaretz, 10 August 2017, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.805977, accessed January 2018; ‘Israeli Minister: We Should Rebuild Jerusalem Temple’, Israel Today, 7 July 2013, http://www.israeltoday.co.il/Default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=23964, accessed 7 January 2018; Yuri Yanover, ‘Dep. Minister Hotovely: The Solution Is Greater Israel without Gaza’, Jewish Press, 25 August 2013, http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/dep-minister-hotovely-the-solution-is-greater-israel-without-gaza/2013/08/25/, accessed 7 January 2018; ‘Israeli Minister: The Bible Says West Bank Is Ours’, Al Jazeera, 24 February 2017, http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/upfront/2017/02/israeli-minister-bible-west-bank-170224082827910.html, accessed 29 January 2018.

Katie Reilly, ‘Read Barack Obama’s Final Speech to the United Nations as President’, Time, 20 September 2016, http://time.com/4501910/president-obama-united-nations-speech-transcript/, accessed 3 December 2017.

Gregory R. Woirol, The Technological Unemployment and Structural Unemployment Debates (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996), 18–20; Amy Sue Bix, Inventing Ourselves out of Jobs? America’s Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929–1981 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 1–8; Joel Mokyr, Chris Vickers and Nicolas L. Ziebarth, ‘The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is This Time Different?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 33–42; Joe Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 255–257; David H. Autor, ‘Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and the Future of Workplace Automation’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 3–30; Melanie Arntz, Terry Gregory and Ulrich Zierahn, ‘The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries’, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 89 (2016); Mariacristina Piva and Marco Vivarelli, ‘Technological Change and Employment: Were Ricardo and Marx Right?’, IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Discussion Paper No.10471 (2017).

См., например, как ИИ побеждает людей в авиационных симуляторах, и особенно в воздушном бое: Nicholas Ernest et al., ‘Genetic Fuzzy based Artificial Intelligence for Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Control in Simulated Air Combat Missions’, Journal of Defense Management 6:1 (2016), 1–7; интеллектуальные обучающие системы: Kurt VanLehn, ‘The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems’, Educational Psychologist 46:4 (2011), 197–221; алгоритмический трейдинг: Giuseppe Nuti et al., ‘Algorithmic Trading’, Computer 44:11 (2011), 61–69; финансовое планирование, управление портфелем ценных бумаг и т. д.: Arash Baharammirzaee, ‘A comparative Survey of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Finance: Artificial Neural Networks, Expert System and Hybrid Intelligent Systems’, Neural Computing and Applications 19:8 (2010), 1165–1195; анализ сложных данных в медицинских системах, постановка диагноза и назначение лечения: Marjorie Glass Zauderer et al., ‘Piloting IBM Watson Oncology within Memorial Sloan Kettering’s Regional Network’, Journal of Clinical Oncology 32:15 (2014), e17653; создание оригинальных текстов на естественном языке из большого объема данных: Jean-Sébastien Vayre et al., ‘Communication Mediated through Natural Language Generation in Big Data Environments: The Case of Nomao’, Journal of Computer and Communication 5 (2017), 125–148; распознавание лиц: Florian Schroff, Dmitry Kalenichenko and James Philbin, ‘FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering’, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015), 815–823; управление автомобилем: Cristiano Premebida, ‘A Lidar and Vision-based Approach for Pedestrian and Vehicle Detection and Tracking’, 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (2007).

Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011); Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational (New York: Harper, 2009); Brian D. Ripley, Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Christopher M. Bishop, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning (New York: Springer, 2007).