Викиликс: Секретные файлы

Eric Herring and Glen Rangwala. Iraq in Fragments: The Occupation and Its Legacy. London: Hurst, 2006, cc. 16, 53, 126; Faleh A. Jabar. The Shi’ite Movement in Iraq. London: Saqi, 2002, cc. 253–263.

Torture in Iraq “Worse than Under Saddam”. Guardian, September 21, 2006.

Federal News Service. Department of Defense Bloggers Roundtable with Brigadier General David Phillips, Deputy Commanding General, Civilian Police Assistance Training Team. September 21, 2007, на defense.gov; T. Christian Miller. Soldier’s Journey Ends in Anguish. Los Angeles Times, December 4, 2005; Peter Maass. The Way of the Commandos. New York Times, May 1, 2005; General David Petraeus. Gangs of Iraq: Interview with General David Petraeus. PBS, October 11, 2006; Todd Clark. Forging the Sword: Conventional US Army Forces Advising Host Nation (HN) Forces. Armor, September 1, 2006.

Michael Hirsch and John Barry. “The Salvador Option”: The Pentagon May Put Special-Forces-Led Assassination or Kidnapping Teams in Iraq. Newsweek, January 9, 2005.

Andrew Buncombe and Patrick Cockburn. Iraq’s Death Squads: On the Brink of Civil War. Independent, February 26, 2006; Neil Macdonald. Iraqi Reality-TV Hit Takes Fear Factor to Another Level. Christian Science Monitor, June 7, 2005; Jim Krane. Pentagon Funds Pro-US Network in Iraq. Associated Press, November 28, 2003; Peter Beaumont. Revealed: Grim World of New Iraqi Torture Camps. Guardian, July 3, 2005.

Kim Sengupta. Operation Enduring Chaos: The Retreat of the Coalition and Rise of the Militias. Independent on Sunday, October 29, 2006.

См. 15 000 Previously Unknown Civilian Deaths Contained in the Iraq War Logs Released by WikiLeaks. Iraq Body Count, October 22, 2010, на iraqbodycount.org.

Prof Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, Les Roberts. Mortality After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Cluster Sample Survey. Lancet 368: 9, 545,October 12, 2006.

Mark Benjamin. When Is an Accidental Civilian Death Not an Accident? Salon, July 30, 2007.

Michael Mann. Incoherent Empire. London; New York: Verso, 2003, c. 138.

Данные можно найти на collateralmurder.com.

Investigation into Civilian Casualties Resulting from an Engagement on 12 July 2007 in the New Baghdad District of Baghdad, Iraq. Department of the Army, см. на i2.cdn.tumer.com. Quoted in: Tom Cohen. Leaked Video Reveals Chaos of Baghdad Attack. CNN, April 7, 2010.

David Leigh. Iraq War Logs Reveal 15,000 Previously Unlisted Civilian Deaths. Guardian, October 22, 2010.

Justin Podur. The First Battle of Fallujah 2004 in the Iraq War Diary. November 16, 2010, на killingtrain.com.

No Longer Unknowable: Falluja’s April Civilian Toll is 600. Iraq Body Count, October 26, 2004, на iraqbodycount.org. По оценке «Счетчика жертв в Ираке», общее количество жертв среди мирного населения было и остается намного ниже, чем оценка Lancet. Red Cross Estimates 800 Iraqi Civilians Killed in Fallujah. Democracy Now, November 17, 2004, на democracynow.org. Иракские НПО дают оценку между 4 тыс. и 6 тыс. убитых: Brian К. Lamphear. 2. Media Coverage Fails on Iraq: Fallujah and the Civilian Deathtoll. Project Censored, April 29, 2010, на projectcensored.org. Оценка взята у иракской НПО «Monitoring Net of Human Rights in Iraq».

Michael Hirsh. Hirsh: How US Makes Enemies. Newsweek, July 26, 2006; Robert F. Worth. Sergeant Tells of Plot to Kill Iraqi Detainees. New York Times, July 28, 2006; US Won’t Let Men Flee Fallujah. Associated Press, November 13, 2004.

Jo Becker and Scott Shane. Secret “Kill List” Proves a Test of Obama’s Principles and Will. New York Times, May 29, 2012. See also Chris Woods. Analysis: Obama Embraced Redefinition of “Civilian” in Drone Wars. Bureau of Investigative Journalism, May 29, 2012, на thebureauinvestigates.com; а также Glenn Greenwald. “Militants”: Media Propaganda. Salon, May 29, 2012, на salon.com.

Spencer Ackerman. 41 Men Targeted but 1147 People Killed: US Drone Strikes — The Facts on the Fround. Guardian, November 24, 2014; US Drone Strikes Kill 28 Unknown People for Every Intended Target, New Reprieve Report Reveals. Reprieve press release, November 24, 2014.

Madelyn Hsiao-Rei Hicks, Hamit Dardagan, Gabriela Guerrero Serdan, Peter M. Bagnall, John A. Sloboda, Michael Spagat. The Weapons That Kill Civilians — Deaths of Children and Noncombatants in Iraq, 2003–2008. New England Journal of Medicine 360: 1585–1588, April 16, 2009.

Цитируется no: Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou. Understanding A1 Qaeda: The Transformation of War. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press, 2007, c. 43.

https://wikileaks.org/wiki/Classified_U. SreportintotheFallujahassult; https://wikileaks. org/wiki/Complex_Environments: _Battle_of_Fallujah_I,_April_2004.

Global Policy Fomm. War and Occupation in Iraq. June 2007, на globalpolicy.org.

Martin Shaw. The New Western Way of War. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2005.

Например, самому старому из заключенных, Мохаммеду Садику, было 89 лет, когда его посадили в тюрьму. Он был нездоров, у него был диагностирован рак простаты, он страдал от старческого слабоумия и депрессии (https://wikileaks.org/gitmo/pdf/af/ us9af-000349dp.pdf). Хаджи Фаизу Мохаммеду было 70 лет. В его деле сказано, что «нет основания» для заключения его в Гуантанамо (https://wikileaks.org/gitmo/ prisoner/657, html). В деле Накиба Уллы, который попал в плен, еще будучи ребенком, признается, что он был похищен, подвергнут насилию и послан сражаться за «Талибан». Но, хотя у него и было оружие, он никогда из него не стрелял (wikileaks.org/gitmo/pdf/af/us9 af-000909dp.pdf).

Pilkington. Bradley Manning’s Treatment Was Cruel and Inhuman; Ryan Creed. Comments on Prisoner Treatment Cause State Department Spokesman to Lose His Job. ABC News, March 13, 2011; Paula Reid. DOJ Not Expected to Initiate Charges Against CIA Officers over Torture Report. CBS News, December 9, 2014.

US Does Dot Torture, Bush Insists. BBC News, November 7, 2005.

White Paper on the Law of Torture and Holding Accountable Those Who Are Complicit in Approving Torture of Persons in US Custody, опубликовано на prisonlegalnews.org.

Greg Grandin. Secrecy and Spectacle: Why Only Americans Are Worthy of Being Called “Torturable”. Nation, December 17, 2014.

Colin Freeman. CIA Torture Report: How Waterboarding Reduced Even Interrogators to Tears. Daily Telegraph, December 9, 2014.

Об этом мнении об интерпретации закона — см. Martti Koskenniemi. From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005; China Mieville. Between Equal Rights: A Marxist Theory of International Law. Leiden; Boston, MA: Brill, 2005.

Alfred W. McCoy. A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror. New York: Metropolitan, 2010; Alfred W. McCoy. The CIA’s Secret Research on Torture: How Psychologists Helped Washington Crack the Code of Human Consciousness. Now and Then Reader, 2014; Alfred W. McCoy. Torture and Impunity: The US Doctrine of Coercive Interrogation. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012.

Многие критики американской империи, даже наиболее радикальные, воспринимают это как презрение к международной правовой системе, в создание которой США внесли такой большой вклад. Альфред У. МакКой пишет: «В ООН и на других международных форумах Вашингтон выступал против пыток и отстаивал международные стандарты прав человека. Но, в нарушение этих дипломатических конвенций, ЦРУ практиковало пытки в те же самые десятилетия». Это заблуждение: правительство США одержимо узаконивало свою программу пыток, изобретая массу интерпретаций для оправдания данной установки. McCoy. A Question of Torture, с. 4.

Louis Pdrez, Jr. The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998, cc. 13–14.

Об этом см. David F. Schmitz . Thank God They’re on Our Side: United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1921—65. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999; Greg Grandin. Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010.

Подробный исторический контекст — см. How Guantanamo Bay Became the Place the US Keeps Detainees. Atlantic, September 4, 2014.

Bush Defends Guantanamo Prison. A1 Jazeera, July 6, 2005.

Paul Harris. Soldier Lifts Lid on Camp Delta. Guardian, May 8, 2005; Josh White. Abu Ghraib Tactics Were First Used at Guantanamo. Washington Post, July 14, 2005.

Bush State of the Union address. CNN, June 29, 2002.

Cheney: Gitmo Holds “Worst of the Worst”. Associated Press, June 1, 2009.

Cm. https://wikileaks.org/gitmo.

https://wikileaks.org/The-Unknown-Prisoners-of.html; WikiLeaks Documents Reveal US Knowingly Imprisoned 150 Innocent Men at Guantanamo. Democracy Now! April 24, 2011, на democracynow.org. Сам Уортингтон уже накопил богатый опыт в анализе дел заключенных Гуантанамо, документировании процесса чрезвычайных выдач, незаконного лишения свободы и пыток, посетив сотни заключенных. См. Andy Worthington. The Guantanamo Files: The Stories of the 11A Detainees in America’s Illegal Prison. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press, 2007.