Джон Боулби - Привязанность

Безусловно, такие наблюдения не исключают возможности того, что ранний интерес младенца к человеческому лицу и голосу представляет собой результат научения: ребенок устанавливает их связь с удовлетворением его физиологических потребностей. Хотя эти наблюдения не доказывают, что такая связь существует с самого начала, тем не менее они, несомненно, демонстрируют, что даже в самые первые недели жизни у младенцев есть какой-то особый интерес к людям. Поэтому возникает вопрос: можно ли все эти явления объяснить тем, что в результате научения ребенок «узнает», что мать является источником остальных видов удовлетворения.

Обзор этих многочисленных взглядов показывает, что их авторов можно разделить на три основные категории. К первой принадлежат те, кто явно придерживаются теории научения. Ко второй — многие ученые, совершенно неудовлетворенные теорией вторичного влечения, но в то же время считающие, что ее трудно заменить чем-либо более точным и убедительным. И наконец, на другом конце спектра находятся те, а именно Венгерская школа психоанализа и этологи, кто считают, что первичные реакции цепляния и/или следования потенциально способны привязать младенца к матери. Выдвинутая мной в 1958 г. точка зрения совпадает со взглядами последних из названных ученых.

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