Джейн Макгонигал - SuperBetter

Amelia McDonell-Parry . Seven Incredibly Deep Life Lessons from Candy Crush Saga. 2013. July 8.

Ann Marie Roepke et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of SuperBetter, a Smartphone-Based/ Internet-Based Self-Help Tool to Reduce Depressive Symptoms // Games for Health (in progress); Ann Marie Roepke . Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial: The Effects of SuperBetter on Depression. University of Pennsylvania. 2013. July 15.

Clinical Trial of a Rehabiliation Game — SuperBetter. NIH-funded trial in collaboration with Ohio State University Medical Research Center, http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01398566.

Некоторые игроки были рады указать свои полные имена и привести подробные истории. В этих случаях приводятся их полные имена. Другие же игроки попросили указать лишь их имена либо изменили подробности личной жизни. Прим. автора.

Хотя игроки порой сообщают о чувствах разочарования, гнева и печали во время игры, они также говорят, что «выдуманный» контекст игры создает безопасную среду для контроля или борьбы с негативными эмоциями. Хорошее описание этого феномена см. здесь: Isabela Granic, Adam Lobel, Rutger C. M. E. Engels . The Benefits of Playing Video Games // American Psychologist. 2014. № 69 (1). P. 66–78.

Robert J. Harmison . Peak Performance in Sport: Identifying Ideal Performance States and Developing Athletes’ Psychological Skills // Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2011. № 37 (3). P. 233–243.

Успех в игре SuperBetter определяется как достижение хотя бы одной эпической победы. Это особый тип цели, который мы подробнее рассмотрим в главе 11. Прим. автора.

Alison Wood Brooks . Get Excited: Reappraising Pre-Performance Anxiety as Excitement // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2014. № 143 (3). P. 1144–1158.

Оригинальная работа на тему мышления угрозы и мышления вызова: Susan Folkman et al. Dynamics of a Stressful Encounter: Cognitive Appraisal, Coping, and Encounter Outcomes // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986. № 50 (5). 992 p.

Richard M. Ryan, C. Scott Rigby, Andrew Przybylski . The Motivational Pull of Video Games: A Self-Determination Theory Approach // Motivation and Emotion. 2006. № 30 (4). P. 344–360; Jesper Juul. Fear of Failing?: The Many Meanings of Difficulty in Video Games / in Mark J. P. Wolf and Bernard Perron, eds., Video Game Theory Reader 2. New York: Routledge, 2009. P. 237–252.

Это стало особенно важным открытием в исследовании цифровых игр за последние 30 лет, в которое входили исследования: Robert F. McClure, F. Gary Mears . Video Game Players: Personality Characteristics and Demographic Variables // Psychological Reports. 1984. № 55 (1). P. 271–276; John L. Sherry et al. Video Game Uses and Gratifications as Predictors of Use and Game Preference / in Peter Vorderer and Jennings Bryant, eds., Playing Video Games: Motives, Responses, and Consequences. n. p. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2006. P. 213–224; Kristen Lucas, John L. Sherry . Sex Differences in Video Game Play: A Communication-Based Explanation // Communication Research. 2004. № 31 (5). P. 499–523; Cheryl K. Olson. Children’s Motivations for Video Game Play in the Context of Normal Development // Review of General Psychology. 2010. № 14 (2).

Отличный обзор этого исследования см. здесь: Anat Drach-Zahavy, Miriam Erez . Challenge Versus Threat Effects on the Goal-Performance Relationship // Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 2002. № 88 (2). P. 667–682.

Allison S. Troy et al. Seeing the Silver Lining: Cognitive Reappraisal Ability Moderates the Relationship Between Stress and Depressive Symptoms // Emotion. 2010. № 10 (6). 783 p.

Jim Blascovich et al. Predicting Athletic Performance from Cardiovascular Indexes of Challenge and Threat // Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2004. № 40 (5). P. 683–688.

Drach-Zahavy, Erez . Challenge Versus Threat Effects on the Goal-Performance Relationship.

Kenneth I. Pakenham, Machelle Rinaldis . The Role of Illness, Resources, Appraisal, and Coping Strategies in Adjustment to HIV/AIDS: The Direct and Buffering Effects // Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2001. № 24 (3). P. 259–279; Heather M. Franks, Scott C. Roesch. Appraisals and Coping in People Living with Cancer: A Meta-Analysis // Psycho Oncology. 2006. № 15 (12). P. 1027–1037.

Annette L. Stanton et al. Cognitive Appraisal and Adjustment to Infertility // Women and Health. 1991. № 17 (3). P. 1–15.

Michele M. Tugade, Barbara L. Fredrickson . Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back from Negative Emotional Experiences // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2004. № 86 (2). 320 p.

Ulrike Sirsch. The Impending Transition from Primary to Secondary School: Challenge or Threat? // International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2003. № 27 (5). P. 385–395.

Kathleen A. Gass, Audrey S. Chang . Appraisals of Bereavement, Coping, Resources, and Psychosocial Health Dysfunction in Widows and Widowers // Nursing Research. 1989. № 38 (1). P. 31–36.

John M. Schaubroeck et al. Resilience to Traumatic Exposure among Soldiers Deployed in Combat // Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2011. № 16 (1). 18 p.; Alan Fontana, Robert Rosenheck . Psychological Benefits and Liabilities of Traumatic Exposure in the War Zone // Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1998. № 11 (3). P. 485–503.

В это сложно поверить, но это настоящий вызов одного из игроков SuperBetter. Я познакомилась с членом городского совета на деловом завтраке. Он рассказал мне, что играл, чтобы справиться со стрессом во время выборов. Прим. автора.

Bernard Suits. The Grasshopper: Games, Life and Utopia. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2014.

Воспаление сухожилия. Прим. науч. ред.

Gerard H. Seijts, Gary P. Latham . Learning Versus Performance Goals: When Should Each Be Used? // Academy of Management Executive. 2005. № 19 (1). P. 124–131; Kieran M. Kingston, Lew Hardy . Effects of Different Types of Goals on Processes That Support Performance // Sport Psychologist. 1997. № 11. P. 277–293.

Drach-Zahavy, Erez . Challenge Versus Threat Effects on the Goal-Performance Relationship.

Кьяроскуро — контрастное сопоставление (например, света и тьмы, радости и печали, похвалы и порицания и т. п.). Прим. ред.

Аэробная нагрузка — любой вид физической нагрузки относительно низкой интенсивности, где кислород используется как основной источник энергии для поддержания мышечной деятельности.

Duncan A. Groves, Verity J. Brown . Vagal Nerve Stimulation: A Review of Its Applications and Potential Mechanisms That Mediate Its Clinical Effects // Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2005. № 29 (3). P. 493–500.

Stephen W. Porges. Vagal Tone: A Physiologic Marker of Stress Vulnerability // Pediatrics. 1992. № 90 (3). P. 498–504; Luca Carnevali, Andrea Sgoifo . Vagal Modulation of Resting Heart Rate in Rats: The Role of Stress, Psychosocial Factors, and Physical Exercise // Frontiers in Physiology. 2014. № 5. 118 p.

Базовый обзор исследования респираторной синусовой аритмии см. здeсь: Paul Grossman, Edwin W. Taylor . Toward Understanding Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: Relations to Cardiac Vagal Tone, Evolution and Biobehavioral Functions // Biological Psychology. 2007. № 74 (2). P. 263–285.

Julian F. Thayer, Richard D. Lane . The Role of Vagal Function in the Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality // Biological Psychology. 2007. № 74 (2). P. 224–242; Georg Schmidt et al. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Predicts Mortality After Myocardial Infarction // Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013. № 63 (12_S); Al Hazzouri, Adina Zeki et al. Reduced Heart Rate Variability Is Associated with Worse Cognitive Performance in Elderly Mexican Americans // Hypertension. 2014. № 63 (1). P. 181–187; Carmilla M. M. Licht, Eco J. C. De Geus, Brenda W. J. H. Penninx. Dysregulation of the Autonomic Nervous System Predicts the Development of the Metabolic Syndrome // Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2013. № 98 (6). P. 2484–2493; Steve Bibevski, Mark E. Dunlap . Evidence for Impaired Vagus Nerve Activity in Heart Failure // Heart Failure Reviews. 2011. № 16 (2). P. 129–135; Julian F. Thayer . Vagal Tone and the Inflammatory Reflex // Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 2009. № 76 (supp. 2). S23–S26.

Zhenhong Wang, Wei Lü, Rongcai Qin. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Is Associated with Trait Positive Affect and Positive Emotional Expressivity // Biological Psychology. 2013. № 93 (1). P. 190–196; Michelle A. Patriquin et al. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: A Marker for Positive Social Functioning and Receptive Language Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders // Developmental Psychobiology. 2013. № 55 (2). P. 101–112; Christopher P. Fagundes et al. Attachment Style and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Predict Post-Treatment Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors // Psycho-Oncology. 2014. № 23 (7). P. 820–826; Lauren M. Bylsma et al. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Reactivity in Current and Remitted Major Depressive Disorder // Psychosomatic Medicine. 2014. № 76 (1). P. 66–73; John A. Sturgeon, Ellen Wanheung Yeung, Alex J. Zautra . Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia: A Marker of Resilience to Pain Induction // International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2014. P. 1–5; Bruce H. Friedman . An Autonomic Flexibility-Neurovisceral Integration Model of Anxiety and Cardiac Vagal Tone // Biological Psychology. 2007. № 74 (2). P. 185–199.