Екатерина Вавилова - Все науки. №6, 2022. Международный научный журнал

The law of conservation of momentum also applies, which is very noticeable in direct reactions (8).

At the same time, there is a law of conservation of momentum and a number of other laws, but the most basic ones acting in the reaction are these two conservation laws.

But now it is important to focus on the types of nuclear reactions, and there are several of them: nuclear fission reaction, fusion, thermonuclear reaction and photonuclear reaction. The first type is a nuclear fission reaction, this is the process of splitting an atomic nucleus into two, and less often into three nuclei with close nuclear masses, which are called fission fragments. Other reaction products may also occur, including light nuclei – alpha particles, deuterons, as well as neutrons and gamma quanta. Fission itself is spontaneous and spontaneous, or forced, due to interaction with other particles, for example neutrons. The fission of heavy nuclei is in most cases an exo—energetic process, which makes it possible to obtain energy from radiation and kinetic energy of products from this process.

The nuclear fusion reaction is the second nuclear process, which consists in the fusion of two nuclei to form a new, heavier nucleus. This process is often accompanied by the emission of gamma rays or other elementary particles. Fusion of nuclei is most often an endo-energetic process, which most often requires the introduction of energy through the kinetic energies of particles in order to overcome the Coulomb barrier – the electrostatic repulsion of nuclei. The fusion of two nuclei and giving them energy can be realized, as it is not difficult to guess in charged particle accelerators, or these particles originally possessed this energy, for example, cosmic radiation particles, but there is another way – it is heating matter to extremely high temperatures in a special thermonuclear reactor, where the kinetic energy of particles and temperatures are extremely huge.

In this way, it is possible to approach thermonuclear reactions. In such reactions, the fusion of light nuclei leads to the conversion of the excess mass of the original nuclei into energy, since the total mass of the merged nuclei is greater than the mass of the resulting nucleus-the reaction product.

From this it can be concluded that the nuclear fusion reaction of the initial nuclei must have a relatively large kinetic energy, because they experience a rather powerful electrostatic repulsion when passing from their side of the Coulomb barrier. According to the molecular kinetic theory, their kinetic energy can be represented as the temperature of the entire substance, therefore heating will lead to an increase in the kinetic energy of the composite particles and their fusion. This is how nucleon synthesis develops in the bowels of stars with the formation of new nuclei under enormous temperatures.

In particular, the fusion reaction of protons and helium nuclei occurs in large quantities, and as a side result, other isotopes of substances are formed, including deuterium and tritium, as isotopes of hydrogen. And finally, the last type of nuclear reaction is a photonuclear reaction, in which case a gamma quantum is absorbed with sufficient energy to excite the nucleon composition, that is, the nucleus, so that it becomes composite, that is, it can be considered as such, and also releases a different structure from itself, or decays.

This process is called a photonuclear reaction or a nuclear photoelectric effect. And in conclusion, it is worth noting that nuclear reactions can be written as in the form of an equation, as demonstrated earlier, or, for example, in (9), there is also a slightly different notation (10).

As a result, it can be concluded that it is very important for any researcher in contact with this field, including the physics of resonant nuclear reactions, to have knowledge about the nuclear reactions themselves.

And if you notice, then as it was noted, nuclear physics has been developing for a long time, not to mention the time that humanity has spent to study the structure of all matter and matter as a whole. But active research has led to the very recent discovery of a new direction in this field, namely, the physics of resonant nuclear reactions. For the first time such terminology was used and practically demonstrated in the monograph of 2021 by Aliyev I. H. and Sharofutdinova F. M. «The use of accelerators and the phenomena of collisions of elementary particles with high-order energy to generate electrical energy. The Electron Project», which later received its continuation.

The creator of the physics of resonant nuclear reactions is I. H. Aliyev, but what is the basis of this discipline? It studies and determines the most favorable conditions for the occurrence of a kind of power surges of the products of nuclear reactions, which are called resonances. To put it simply, when a nuclear reaction takes place, it forms reaction products, which were discussed in one of the previous lectures, and all the circumstances that lead to the reaction being more efficient and their energies being greater are what the physics of resonant nuclear reactions studies.

Let’s take an example. Let charged particles be directed to the nucleus of some element, it can be protons, ions, electrons, anything. And when approaching the nucleus, the phenomenon of Coulomb repulsion occurs, it acts only on charges of the same name, namely on nuclei, but does not act on neutral particles, for example, neutrons, although the neutrons themselves also have a minimal charge. The particle spends some energy on overcoming the Coulomb barrier and remains with some of its part, which it spends on overcoming the nucleus itself and further passing the nuclear reaction.

The corresponding energy is released in the reaction, if it is endo-energetic, due to the inequality of the masses, that is, some part of the mass is converted into energy and it is already received by the products of the reaction itself – the flying particles, and they also receive the remaining part of the energy from the bombarded particle. And the total energy of these reaction products is determined by the appropriate mathematical apparatus, but we need a power jump.

Power is the product of the beam current by its energy, that is, voltage. The energy is really large for favorable reactions and is measured in MeV, but the current is extremely small. We need to somehow increase it. To do this, it is necessary to understand the phenomenon of the probability of a nuclear reaction. The beam itself is both a wave and a corpuscle, that is, a particle, according to the particle-wave dualism, which you can learn more about from the course of quantum physics, so it has its own de Broglie wavelength (1).

And when a particle approaches the nucleus, even if it did not hit it and did not touch it, if it is at a distance of its wavelength, then there will be an interaction. Yes, indeed, even without touching a particle, it can «hit» and enter into interaction, these are the laws of the microcosm. So, you need to increase this wavelength, and for this you need to reduce the pulse, but to reduce the pulse, you need to reduce the speed.

But it is necessary to reduce the velocity so that the particle passes the Coulomb barrier, from this we can conclude that the energy of the particle should be as close as possible to the Coulomb barrier. And here, the value of the Coulomb barrier is the resonant energy of this nuclear reaction.

Now, how to determine the output power? To do this, you need to calculate the energy, which is already easy to do, but how to determine the resonant current? To define it, imagine the following. The target plate consists of arranged atoms and let a certain number of charged particles enter inside. If we place a reference frame at the beginning of the target, then we can use the following statement that the particles will pass through some part of the target, which begins at a certain coordinate and ends at the coordinate of the sum of this coordinate and the thickness of the part itself, and the thickness is equal to the difference of these coordinates.

The question arises to this condition: how many incoming charged particles will enter into the interaction? To do this, we indicate that there are N (x) particles at the first coordinate, and dN at the end point N (x), respectively, where dN is the number of interacting charged particles.

Let’s determine the number of cores in this segment of two coordinates – x and x+dx, if the thickness between them is dx. To do this, we introduce the value of the density of nuclei, which determines the number of nuclei of a substance per unit volume, it is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to its atomic mass in kg and changes into a nucleus / m3 (2).

To determine how many cores there are at a specified point, it is enough to multiply this value (2) by the volume in this part of the plate, for this its area is multiplied by the thickness and by (2), which is indicated in (3).

But what is the area, once in which the core will get into the interaction? For one nucleus, we introduce the concept of the nuclear effective cross section, the same region, and since the actions take place in a circle relative to the nucleus of an atom, this value is determined by (4).

Thus, the area available for interaction is (5).

But the ratio of this area to the entire area of the plate is equal to the ratio of the number of all particles remaining without interaction to the total number of particles, that is, it is true (6).

Now, we introduce a numerical definition for (6), and for this we integrate both parts (7) separately into (8) and (9), and then we get the overall result (10).

From here we can get the value of the interacting particles (11).