Юваль Ной Харари - 21 урок для XXI века

Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski and David Stillwell, ‘Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans’, PANS, vol. 112 (2014), 1036–1038.

Stuart Dredge, ‘AI and music: will we be slaves to the algorithm?’ Guardian, 6 August 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/06/artificial-intelligence-and-will-we-be-slaves-to-the-algorithm, accessed 15 October 2017. Обзорный анализ методов см.: Jose David Fernández and Francisco Vico, ‘AI Methods in Algorithmic Composition: A Comprehensive Survey’, Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 48 (2013), 513–582.

Eric Topol, The Patient Will See You Now: The Future of Medicine is in Your Hands (New York: Basic Books, 2015); Robert Wachter, The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2015); Simon Parkin, ‘The Artificially Intelligent Doctor Will Hear You Now’, MIT Technology Review (2016), https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600868/the-artificially-intelligent-doctor-will-hear-you-now/; James Gallagher, ‘Artificial intelligence “as good as cancer doctors”, BBC, 26 January 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/health-38717928.

Kate Brannen, ‘Air Force’s lack of drone pilots reaching “crisis” levels’, Foreign Policy, 15 January 2015, http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/15/air-forces-lack-of-drone-pilots-reaching-crisis-levels/.

Tyler Cowen, Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation (New York: Dutton, 2013); Brad Bush, ‘How combined human and computer intelligence will redefine jobs’, TechCrunch (2016), https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/01/how-combined-human-and-computer-intelligence-will-redefine-jobs/.

Ulrich Raulff, Farewell to the Horse: The Final Century of Our Relationship (London: Allen Lane, 2017); Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 286; Margo DeMello, Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-Animal Studies (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 197; Clay McShane and Joel Tarr, ‘The Decline of the Urban Horse in American Cities’, Journal of Transport History 24:2 (2003), 177–198.

Lawrence F. Katz and Alan B. Krueger, ‘The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015’, National Bureau of Economic Research (2016); Peter H. Cappelli and J. R. Keller, ‘A Study of the Extent and Potential Causes of Alternative Employment Arrangements’, ILR Review 66:4 (2013), 874–901; Gretchen M. Spreitzer, Lindsey Cameron and Lyndon Garrett, ‘Alternative Work Arrangements: Two Images of the New World of Work’, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 4 (2017), 473–499; Sarah A. Donovan, David H. Bradley and Jon O. Shimabukuru, ‘What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?’, Washington DC: Congressional Research Service (2016), https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44365.pdf, accessed 11 February 2018; ‘More Workers Are in Alternative Employment Arrangements’, Pew Research Center, 28 September 2016, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/10/06/the-state-of-american-jobs/st_2016-10-06_jobs-26/, accessed 11 February 2018.

David Ferrucci et al.,‘Watson: Beyond Jeopardy!’, Artificial Intelligence 19–200 (2013), 93–105.

‘Google’s AlphaZero Destroys Stockfish in 100-Game Match’, Chess.com, 6 December 2017, https://www.chess.com/news/view/google-s-alphazero-destroys-stockfish-in-100-game-match, accessed 11 February 2018; David Silver et al., ‘Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm’, arXiv (2017), https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01815.pdf, accessed 2 February 2018; see also Sarah Knapton, ‘Entire Human Chess Knowledge Learned and Surpassed by DeepMind’s AlphaZero in Four Hours’, Telegraph, 6 December 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/12/06/entire-human-chess-knowledge-learned-surpassed-deepminds-alphazero/, accessed 11 February 2018.

Cowen, Average is Over, op. cit.; Tyler Cowen, ‘What are humans still good for? The turning point in freestyle chess may be approaching’ (2013), http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2013/11/what-are-humans-still-good-for-the-turning-point-in-freestyle-chess-may-be-approaching.html.

Maddalaine Ansell, ‘Jobs for Life Are a Thing of the Past. Bring On Lifelong Learning’, Guardian, 31 May 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2016/may/31/jobs-for-life-are-a-thing-of-the-past-bring-on-lifelong-learning.

Alex Williams, ‘Prozac Nation Is Now the United States of Xanax’, New York Times, 10 June 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/10/style/anxiety-is-the-new-depression-xanax.html.

Simon Rippon, ‘Imposing Options on People in Poverty: The Harm of a Live Donor Organ Market’, Journal of Medical Ethics 40 (2014), 145–150; I. Glenn Cohen, ‘Regulating the Organ Market: Normative Foundations for Market Regulation’, Law and Contemporary Problems 77 (2014); Alexandra K. Glazier, ‘The Principles of Gift Law and the Regulation of Organ Donation’, Transplant International 24 (2011), 368–372; Megan McAndrews and Walter E. Block, ‘Legalizing Saving Lives: A Proposition for the Organ Market’, Insights to A Changing World Journal 2015, 1–17.

James J. Hughes, ‘A Strategic Opening for a Basic Income Guarantee in the Global Crisis Being Created by AI, Robots, Desktop Manufacturing and BioMedicine’, Journal of Evolution & Technology 24 (2014), 45–61; Alan Cottey, ‘Technologies, Culture, Work, Basic Income and Maximum Income’, AI & Society 29 (2014), 249–257.

Jon Henley, ‘Finland Trials Basic Income for Unemployed,’ Guardian, 3 January 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/03/finland-trials-basic-income-for-unemployed, accessed 1 March 2018.

‘Swiss Voters Reject Proposal to Give Basic Income to Every Adult and Child’, Guardian, 5 June 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/05/swiss-vote-give-basic-income-every-adult-child-marxist-dream.

Isabel Hunter, ‘Crammed into squalid factories to produce clothes for the West on just 20p a day, the children forced to work in horrific unregulated workshops of Bangladesh’, Daily Mail, 1 December 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3339578/Crammed-squalid-factories-produce-clothes-West-just-20p-day-children-forced-work-horrific-unregulated-workshops-Bangladesh.html, accessed 15 October 2017; Chris Walker and Morgan Hartley, ‘The Culture Shock of India’s Call Centers’, Forbes, 16 December 2012, https://www.forbes.com/sites/morganhartley/2012/12/16/the-culture-shock-of-indias-call-centres/#17bb61d372f5, accessed 15 October 2017.

Klaus Schwab and Nicholas Davis, Shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution (World Economic Forum, 2018), 54. On long-term development strategies, see Ha-Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (London: Anthem Press, 2003).

Lauren Gambini, ‘Trump Pans Immigration Proposal as Bringing People from “Shithole Countries”’, Guardian, 12 January 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/11/trump-pans-immigration-proposal-as-bringing-people-from-shithole-countries, accessed 11 February 2018.

Мысль о том, что абсолютное улучшение условий может сочетаться с относительным усилением неравенства, см., в частности, в Thomas Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).

‘2017 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (2017), https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439, accessed 1 January 2018; Melanie Lidman, ‘As ultra-Orthodox women bring home the bacon, don’t say the F-word’, Times of Israel, 1 January 2016, https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-ultra-orthodox-women-bring-home-the-bacon-dont-say-the-f-word/, accessed 15 October 2017.

Melanie Lidman, ‘As ultra-Orthodox women bring home the bacon, don’t say the F-word’, Times of Israel, 1 January 2016, https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-ultra-Orthodox-women-bring-home-the-bacon-dont-say-the-f-word/, accessed 15 October 2017; ‘Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies 18 (2016), https://en.idi.org.il/media/4240/shnaton-e_8-9-16_web.pdf, accessed 15 October 2017. Что касается счастья, не так давно Израиль занял 11-е место по уровню удовлетворенности жизнью среди 38 стран ОЭСР: ‘Life Satisfaction’, OECD Better Life Index, http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/life-satisfaction/, accessed 15 October 2017.

‘2017 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel’, Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies (2017), https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439, accessed 1 January 2018.

Margaret Thatcher, ‘Interview for Woman’s Own (“no such thing as society”)’, Margaret Thatcher Foundation, 23 September 1987, https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106689, accessed 7 January 2018.

Keith Stanovich, Who Is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning (New York: Psychology Press, 1999).

Richard Dawkins, ‘Richard Dawkins: We Need a New Party – the European Party’, NewStatesman, 29 March 2017, https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/richard-dawkins-we-need-new-party-european-party, accessed 1 March 2018.

Steven Swinford, ‘Boris Johnson’s allies accuse Michael Gove of “systematic and calculated plot” to destroy his leadership hopes’, Telegraph, 30 June 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/30/boris-johnsons-allies-accuse-michael-gove-of-systematic-and-calc/, accessed 3 September 2017; Rowena Mason and Heather Stewart, ‘Gove’s thunderbolt and Boris’s breaking point: a shocking Tory morning’, Guardian, 30 June 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/30/goves-thunderbolt-boris-johnson-tory-morning, accessed 3 September 2017.

James Tapsfield, ‘Gove presents himself as the integrity candidate for Downing Street job but sticks the knife into Boris AGAIN’, Daily Mail, 1 July 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3669702/I-m-not-great-heart-s-right-place-Gove-makes-bizarre-pitch-Downing-Street-admitting-no-charisma-doesn-t-really-want-job.html, accessed 3 September 2017.

В 2017 году исследователи из Стэнфорда разработали алгоритм, который якобы определяет сексуальную ориентацию человека с точностью 91 % только на основе нескольких фотографий его лица ( https://osf.io/zn79k/). Но алгоритм разрабатывался на основе фотографий, которые люди выбирали сами для загрузки на сайты знакомств, и поэтому он мог идентифицировать различия в культурных идеалах. Это не значит, что выражение лица геев обязательно отличается от выражения лица у людей традиционной ориентации. Скорее геи, размещающие свои фото на сайте знакомств для геев, пытают соответствовать другому культурному идеалу, чем люди традиционной сексуальной ориентации, публикующие свои фотографии на соответствующих сайтах знакомств.