Коллектив авторов - Регионы в современном мире: глобализация и Азия. Зарубежное регионоведение

Тут можно читать онлайн Коллектив авторов - Регионы в современном мире: глобализация и Азия. Зарубежное регионоведение - бесплатно ознакомительный отрывок. Жанр: Прочая научная литература. Здесь Вы можете читать ознакомительный отрывок из книги онлайн без регистрации и SMS на сайте лучшей интернет библиотеки ЛибКинг или прочесть краткое содержание (суть), предисловие и аннотацию. Так же сможете купить и скачать торрент в электронном формате fb2, найти и слушать аудиокнигу на русском языке или узнать сколько частей в серии и всего страниц в публикации. Читателям доступно смотреть обложку, картинки, описание и отзывы (комментарии) о произведении.

Коллектив авторов - Регионы в современном мире: глобализация и Азия. Зарубежное регионоведение краткое содержание

Регионы в современном мире: глобализация и Азия. Зарубежное регионоведение - описание и краткое содержание, автор Коллектив авторов, читайте бесплатно онлайн на сайте электронной библиотеки LibKing.Ru
В монографии проводится комплексный и нюансированный анализ характера, темпов и проявлений глобализации в Азии и ее регионах сквозь призму политической, экономической, информационно-цифровой и социокультурной динамики. Дается оценка проявлений глобализации в странах Ближнего Востока, Восточной, Юго-Восточной и Южной Азии. Уточняется влияние китайской мега-стратегии «Пояс и путь» на внутрирегиональное и межрегиональное сотрудничество на азиатском и евразийском пространствах. Определены особенности информационно-коммуникативных процессов современной Азии в их увязке с политико-экономическими трансформациями азиатских обществ. Проведено исследование актуальных вопросов развития искусства и литературы государств Азии. Раскрыты механизмы инновационных подходов к преподаванию восточных языков в их увязке с методологическими задачами современного востоковедения. Монография подготовлена на основе докладов, представленных участниками I международной конференции «Процессы глобализации в современной Азии», прошедшей в НИУ ВШЭ 20–21 ноября 2019 года.

Регионы в современном мире: глобализация и Азия. Зарубежное регионоведение - читать онлайн бесплатно ознакомительный отрывок

Регионы в современном мире: глобализация и Азия. Зарубежное регионоведение - читать книгу онлайн бесплатно (ознакомительный отрывок), автор Коллектив авторов
Тёмная тема
Сбросить

Интервал:

Закладка:

Сделать

The commission visited the Letpadaung Mine project area from 5th to 15th of December 2012. At the same time, commissioners also met with the injured demonstrators in the Monywa hospitals and Yangon General Hospital. According to the commission’s report, there were 108 people and 99 monks injured in the incident 75 75 Letpadaung Investigation Commission Issues Final Report, Myanmar Law Updates //Charltons, April 2013. URL: https://www.charltonsmyanmar.com/letpadaung-investigation-commission-issues-final-report/ (date of access: 19.02.2020). . According to Charlton, the investigators observed that the commission met with the Police Chief of Staff and Police colonel accountable for the Sagaing Region [Charltons, 2013. P. 3], and discussed the details about the crackdown incidents of the 29th of November. Later, the Minister of Home Affairs removed several police officers from their current duties in Sagaing Region as stated in the local newspapers. When Aung San Su Kyi met with the villagers, they responded with emotional words. Su Kyi told the villagers, “If we stop this project, it will not benefit the local community, or the country and they might think that our country cannot be trusted on the economy.” at the Letpadaung [Charltons, 2013. P. 4]. She also argued that “Myanmar needs Chinese investment. We have to get along with [China] whether we like it or not” [Ramachandran, 2016].

The commission also visited the Moneywa mine project areas, not only Letpaduang but also Sabetaung and Kyaysintaung projects. In March 2013, the investigation commission delivered its final report to the President and publishing it in governmental newspapers [Mizumo, 2016. P. 113]. However, the commission agreed to continue the Letpadaung Copper Mine Project recommending 42 essential suggestions to the mines’ investors. Official Beijing being satisfied with the final report of the commission and sent the Chinese ambassador to pay visit to Aung San Su Kyi’s residence, expressing his congratulation on behalf of the Chinese government on the 24th of April 2013 [BBC]. Myanmar Wanbao also released its statement, promising that “they will continue contributing to the sustainable development of our local community and of Myanmar as a whole” [Charltons, 2013. P. 3].

In the new contract, Myanmar Wanbao , UMEHL, and the government specified new profit-sharing of the project by allocating 51% to the Myanmar government, 30% to Myanmar Wanbao , and 19% to the UMEHL. On the other hand, the investors have to use one million US$ for corporate social responsibility and two million US$ for the annual environmental preservation [Mizumo, 2016. P. 113]. Yun Sun noted that “the investigation committee for the Letpdaung copper mine project, which she (Aung San Su Kyi) chaired, approved the continuation of the joint venture despite opposition from local residents and Myanmar society in general… her position (or rather lack of it) has made her, at the minimum, an acceptable Myanmar politician for China.” [Yun Sun, 2015].

Protests after the Commission

On 13 March 2013, Aung San Su Kyi visited local residents again, shortly after her commission published a final report. At the same time, the villagers did not stop their protests, rather intensifying them more provokingly. She faced emotional counter words from the villagers like during her first trip 76 76 Letpadaung Investigation Commission Issues Final Report, Myanmar Law Updates // Charltons, April 2013. URL: https://www.charltonsmyanmar.com/letpadaung-investigation-commission-issues-final-report/ (date of access: 19.01.2020). , but this time they became more depraved and the government responded with tight security for her. The villagers also delivered their opinion that they did not want relocation and compensation, and they were not going to stop until the project shuts down totally [Charltons, 2015. P. 4].

In November 2013, police officers and villagers clashed again in the Myanmar Wanbao’s headquarter, near the Letpadaung Project. The police used rubber bullets for antiriot shotguns, and nine police officers and five activists were wounded [Win Zaw Latt, 2013]. However, the villagers and activists still commented on environmental pollution and unfair salary for local workers, relocation and compensation processes for their land. Before the Letpadaung Investigation commission, Myanmar Wanbao reimbursed 550,000 MMKyats 77 77 Myanmar Wanbao Company Limited. URL: http://www.myanmarwanbao.com.mm/mm.html (19.01.2020). for an acre. Later, according to the commission’s suggestion, Wanbao agreed to provide additional compensation for an acre between 700,000 and 1,25 million MMKyats [Maung Myoe, 2015. P. 38].

Back then, the author worked as a reporter, and visited the project on two times interviewing locals and activists. When he reached out to Myanmar Wanbao , they explained every detail of the Letpaduang project. The company sent journalists to meetings between villagers and company officers to examine how the company officials proposed CSR programs to local community. However, the author interviewed villagers and activists. The author asked, “If you need urgent development for your community, and, even, you know that you can produce valuable bronze from Letpaduang Mountain, what will you do?” The local activist answered that “We will not produce any copper or bronze from the Letpadaung Mountain, even we do not have anything to eat. We do not need any development if we have to destroy the Letpadaung, and we are going to enjoy its beauty until we die.” Therefore, we could clearly understand that the local residence feeling on the project.

When Myanmar Wanbao tried to start the project in December 2014, they faced vocal protests from the villagers again. Finally, the tension reached the highest point, after the police opened fire, and one villager, Daw Khin Win died on the spot. It received attention from international and local activists [Kivimäki, 2016]. According to Amnesty’s research paper, there was preannounced lack of environmental concern and management in the mine. In May 2016, Myanmar Wanbao announced that they had started to producing copper from the Letpadaung Mine for the first time [Amnesty, 2016. P. 4].

Effects in Sino-Myanmar Relations

Every Myanmar government has believed that China is the paramount partner for domestic and foreign interests [Toh Han Shih, 2014]. Until the Myanmar’s democratization period, China was the leading investor in Myanmar. However, after a series of protests in Letpadaung Copper Mine Project took place, Beijing investments dropped rapidly [Yun Sun, 2012. P. 75]. In the first year of Thein Sein’s administration, 2011-2012, Chinese FDI in Myanmar reached US$ 4345.73 78 78 Myanmar State Directorate of the Investment and Company Administration official Website. URL: https://www.dica.gov.mm/en/taxonomy/term/38 (date of access: 19.02.2020). million, and it was the second-highest amount in two countries trade since 1988, according to the Myanmar State Directorate of the Investment and Company Administration’s figures. However, in 2013-2014, FDI from China to Myanmar visibly dropped to the US$ 56.16 million, becoming the lowest since 1988 [DICA’s annual report].

In March 2016, the NLD government came into power. They continue focusing on the “China’s role in the region” and “Logic of geopolitic” when comstructing their foreign policy and Sudha Ramachandran has also illustrated symmetric idea in his work [Ramachandran, 2016]. However, the relations between the two countries have not improved as it was expected by both sides. The FDI from China never reached its highest pre 2011 point. On the other hand, the anti-Chinese sentiments are still festering in the Myanmar community.

Conclusion

Since 1988, Myanmar political activists had been trying to develop democracy in the country. However, they were suppressed by the Military government for over two decades, from 1988 to 2011. Therefore, majority of Myanmar people did not support the junta. They considered the government supporters and partner countries as traitors. Whenever the military government was under international pressure, China always stood by their side and supported with loans and investments [U Myo-Thit, 2017]. It has resulted in the development of the Sinophobia in Myanmar. The citizens did not trust Chinese investments because of their lack of duties for social responsibilities. Beijing understood for those sentiments and, therefore, tried to smooth every process for their investments in Myanmar with the Junta

However, the Chinese policies backfired when President Thein Sein’s government listened to their follow people’s voices. Consequently, the Beijing became concerned when the opposition was elected in the general election in 2015 [BBC, 2019]. In his trip, Wang Yi expressed hopes to his counterpart, Daw Aung San Su Kyi that Chinese interests in Myanmar will continue to be expected. The present situation of Sino-Myanmar relations, however, has many unresolved problems such the Chinese role in the Myanmar cease-fire, Myitsone Dam General Project and border issues.

References

Open for Business? Corporate Crime and Abuses at Myanmar Copper Mine // AmnestyInternational,February2015.URL:https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa16/0003/2015/en/ (date of access: 19.02.2020). (in English)

A. Clapp Priscilla.China’s Relations with Burma: Testimony Before The U.S-China Economic and Security Review Commission on China’s Relations with Southeast Asia // United States Institute of Peace, 2015. URL: http://www.usip.org/publications/2015/05/13/china-s-relations-burma (date of access: 19.02.2020). (in English)

Atsuko Mizumo.Economica Relations Between Myanmar and China // JICA Research Institute, Department of International Economy and Business // Faculty of Economics // Kyushu University, Japan, 2016. URL: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-55735-7_8 (date of access: 19.02.2020). (in English)

Copper Mine Investigation Commission, Letpadaung Copper Mine Investigation Commission Issues Final Report // The President’s Office of The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, April 2013. URL: http://www.charltonslaw.com/letpadaung-investigation-commission-issues-final-report/ (date of access: 19.02.2020). (in English)

China-Myanmar agrees to deepen comprehensive strategic cooperation // Xinhuanet, 2014. URL: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-11/15/c_133790813.htm (date of access: 19.02.2020). (in English)

Cheny Ang Li and James Char.China-Myanmar Relations Since Naypyidaw’s Political Transition: How Beijing Can Balance Short-Term Interests and Long-Term Values // S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2015. URL: https:// www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/WP288_150316_China-Myanmar-Relations (date of access: 06.01.2020). (in English)

Debby Sze Wan Chan.China’s Diplomatic Strategies in Response to Economic disputes in Myanmar // In. J. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, Vol. 00, 2018, pp. 1–30, Oxford Academic. URL: https://academic.oup.com/irap/advance-article/doi/10.1093/irap/lcy026/5149704 (date of access: 01.01.2020). (in English)

Lauren Decicca.In the Shadow of Letpadaung: Stories from Myanmar’s Largest Copper Mine // National Resource Governance Institute, 2015. URL: https:// resourcegovernance.org/blog/shadow-letpadaung-stories-myanmars-largest-coppermine (date of access: 01.01.2020). (in English)

Читать дальше
Тёмная тема
Сбросить

Интервал:

Закладка:

Сделать


Коллектив авторов читать все книги автора по порядку

Коллектив авторов - все книги автора в одном месте читать по порядку полные версии на сайте онлайн библиотеки LibKing.




Регионы в современном мире: глобализация и Азия. Зарубежное регионоведение отзывы


Отзывы читателей о книге Регионы в современном мире: глобализация и Азия. Зарубежное регионоведение, автор: Коллектив авторов. Читайте комментарии и мнения людей о произведении.


Понравилась книга? Поделитесь впечатлениями - оставьте Ваш отзыв или расскажите друзьям

Напишите свой комментарий
x