Виктория Мороз - Английский язык

Данная хрестоматия предназначена для обучения студентов экономических специальностей самостоятельному чтению художественной литературы с последующей работой в аудитории.

Цель данной хрестоматии – ознакомить с произведениями классической и современной английской и американской литературы, расширить лексический запас, освоить правила словообразования и приемы организации и систематизации словаря.

Хрестоматия состоит из 4 разделов и приложения, включающих тексты различной степени сложности, от простых до более сложных, различных жанров, авторов и эпох.

Три основные раздела предваряют свод правил, способствующих лучшему запоминанию и усвоению лексики, ряд приемов, оптимизирующих и систематизирующих этот процесс.

Тексты в разделах сопровождаются упражнениями на развитие навыков работы со словарем, расширение словарного состава как общеупотребительной, так и профессиональной лексики. Раздел обзорных лексических упражнений и приложение с моделями сочетаемости некоторых слов завершают данное пособие.

Хрестоматия знакомит студентов с некоторыми произведениями художественной литературы английских и американских авторов, связанных со сферой их профессиональных интересов, расширяет их кругозор. Многообразные и многочисленные упражнения, таблицы и схемы, постепенное возрастание лингвистической сложности позволяют студентам более полно освоить методы работы над текстом.

What does knowing a new word mean?

– It’s not enough just to know the meaning of a word. You also need to know:

a) what words it is usually associated with;

b) whether it has any particular grammatical characteristics;

c) how it is pronounced.

– Try to learn new words not in isolation but in phrases.

– Write down adjectives together with nouns they are often associated with and vice versa, e. g. royal family; rich vocabulary.

– Write down verbs with the structure and nouns associated with them, e.g. to express an opinion.

– Write down nouns in phrases, e.g. in contact with; shades of opinion.

– Write down words with their prepositions, e.g. at a high level; thanks to your help.

– Note any grammatical characteristics of the words you are studying. For example, note when a verb is irregular and when a noun is uncountable or is only used in the plural.

– Make a note of any pronunciation problems with the words you are learning [1].

Expanding your vocabulary

There are many ways that you can use a dictionary to expand your vocabulary [2]:

What should you do when you come across new words?

When you are reading something in English, don’t look up every new word or expression or you will soon get fed up. Only look up something that is really important for understanding the text. When you have finished reading, look back at what you have read and then perhaps look up some extra words and write down new expressions that interest you.

Similarly when you listen to English don’t panic when you hear some words or expressions that you don’t know. Keep listening and the overall meaning will often become clear.

When you read or listen to English it is sometimes possible to guess the meaning of a word you don’t know before you look up or ask its meaning. Decide first what part of speech the word is and then look for clues in its context or form.

Learning vocabulary – aids to learning

Help yourself to learn by learning associated words together

Learn words with associated meaning together

Learning words together that are associated in meaning is a popular and useful way of organizing your vocabulary study

1 Complete this network for the word CAT. Add as many other bubbles as you like

Learn words with a grammatical association together

2 Here are some groups of words, each of which has a grammatical connection. Can you see what the connection is? What other words could you add to these groups?

a) child tooth ox;b) cut split burst;c) information furniture food.

Learn together words based on the same root

3 Can you add any words or expressions to these two groups?

a) price priceless overpriced

b) handy single-handed give me a hand

Pictures and diagrams can help you learn

Can you draw any picture that would help you remember the following vocabulary?

Word forks are good ways of learning adjectives and verbs

Look at the complete word forks below. Finish the others

Organizing by word-class

When you meet a synonym or an antonym of a word you already have in your book, enter it next to that word with a few notes [1]:

Urban ≠ rural stop=cease (more formal)

Making tables for word-classes is a good idea, since you can fill in the gaps over time. What do you think you may put in the remaining gaps in the table?

2.1 Text 1

Mr. Stern had a small shop. Once his friend called at his shop and noticed a shabby blind on the window in his shop. He said: “Excuse me and don’t get angry with me, but you will have to buy a new blind if you want to have a lot of customers. I recommend you to change the blind as soon as possible as the old one is too bad.”

“Yes, you are right. I know that I have to buy a new blind, but it is very expensive. However, I believe I shall be able to do something.”

Some weeks later his friend visited his shop again, and was very glad to see a new blind. “I see you have got a nice new blind. I think you have paid a lot of money for it!” – “Oh, yes, the blind is rather expensive, but I decided to turn to my customers for help. You see, I put a box in my shop with a notice: “For the blind”. And in this way I got the money to buy this new blind.”

2.1.1 Vocabulary notes

to turn to smb. For help – o6paтиться к кому-либо за помощью

a blind – жалюзи

blind – слепой

2.2.2 Answer the questions

Why did Mr. Stern’s friend recommend him to buy a new blind?

Who helped Mr. Stern to buy a new expensive blind? Why?

2.2 Text 2

A ticket-collector who had worked at the railway station for forty-five years was going to retire. One day he was talking to his friends about his work. He had enjoyed everything: his friends, his manager, the work itself. There was only one thing which he didn’t like in all of it. “What is it?” the friends asked him. “Oh, the passengers, certainly the passengers.”

2.2.1 Vocabulary notes

to retire – уходить в отставку, увольняться

2.3 Text 3

Bill works in a factory, and he usually comes home at half-past six every evening. He came home early last Friday, and he was very angry. He shut the door very hard, went into the living-room and sat down.

His wife was in the kitchen. She came up to her husband and looked him for a few seconds. Then she said to him, “Why are you angry, Bill?”

“Bus tickets cost three pence last week, but now they cost two pence,” he said.

“But that isn’t bad, Bill,” his wife said. “It’s good. Going by bus is cheaper now.”

“Yes, it is,” Bill said, “but I always walk to work in the mornings, and I walk home in the afternoons. Last week I saved six pence every day, but now I save four pence.”

2.3.1 Vocabulary notes

to save – экономить

2.4 Text 4

A rich businessman was dying. Before the death he wanted to tell his partner who was in business with him some important things. So he asked his family to leave him with his partner alone. The rich man thought that his friend George was a reliable partner and a very good friend. When they were alone the man said: “I’m dying, listen please. I’ve always been bad to you. When you were away on business two years ago I took a big sum of money from the safe and never put it back. I disliked you all my life. I sold the secret of your plan to another company for a hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Oh, George, I’m very sorry.” “That’s all right,” said George. “I was not so reliable as you thought I was. It was I who put poison into your tea at lunch yesterday.”

2.4.1 Vocabulary notes

to rely on (upon) – полагаться на к. -л.

Reliable – надежный, заслуживающий доверия

2.5 Text 5

James Rand worked for a company which sold office equipment. He came to Mr. Benson who wanted to open some new offices in New York to offer him the equipment of his company. Benson asked him about the quality of the equipment, the prices and the demand for the goods. After that he told him: “All right. Here is a letter to my New York manager, you can go to him for the order.”

Rand took the letter and went to New York by train. He had talks with the manager and got a very large order on attractive terms. When he came back home he remembered about Mr. Benson’s letter.