Говард Рейнгольд - Умная толпа

34. R. L. Trivers, «The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism», Quarterly Beview of Biology 46 (1971): 35-37.

35. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation.

36. G. S. Wilkinson, «Reciprocal Food Sharing in the Vampire Bat», Nature 308 (March 8, 1984): 181-184.

37. Manfred Milinski, «TIT FOR TAT in Sticklebacks and the Evolution of Cooperation», Nature 325 (29 January 1987): 433-435.

38. P. Farb, Man's Rise to Civilization as Shown by the Indians of North America from Primeval Times to the Coming of the Industrial State (New York: Dutton, 1968).

39. Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1984).

40. J. H. Saltzer, D. P. Reed, and D. D. Clark, «End-to-End Arguments in System Design», ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2 (November 1984): 277-288.

41. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000).

42. Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late-The Origins of the Internet (New York: Touchstone, 1998).

43. Levy, Hackers.

44. Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late.

45. J. С R. Licklider and R. W. Taylor, «The Computer as a Communication Device», Science and Technology (April 1968): 21-31.

46. William Henry Gates III, «An Open Letter to Hobbyists», Altair Users' Newsletter, 3 February 1976.

47. Dennis M. Ritchie, «The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System», AT amp;T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal 63 (October 1984)-1577-1593.

48. Nick Moffit, «Nick Moffit's $7 History of Unix», « http://crackmonkey.org/unix.html » (29 January 2002).

49. Ritchie, «The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System».

50. Moffit, «Nick Moffit's $7 History of Unix».

51. Richard Stallman, «The Free Software Definition». The GNU Project, Free Software Foundation, 2000, « http://www.gnu.org/philoso-phy/free-sw.html » (17 June 2001) [на рус. яз.: Ричард Столлмен. GNU GPL и американский образ жизни / Компьютерра. 2001. № 10 (387). 14 марта].

52. Ibid. See also: Michael Stutz, «Freed Software Winning Support, Making Waves», Wired News, 30 January 1998, « http://www.wired.com/ news/technology/0,1282,9966,00.html » (5 February 2002).

53. Eric Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary (Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly and Associates, 1997). See also: « http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/ writings/homesteading/ » (29 January 2002).

54. BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), « http://www.isc.org/ products/BIND/ » (16 January 2002).

55. Network Working Group, ed. B. Carpenter, «Architectural Principles of the Internet», June 1996, « http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfcl958.txt » (26 November 2001).

56. Tim Berners-Lee, «Information Management: A Proposal», 1989, « http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html » (29 January 2002).

57. Andy Server, «It Was My Party — and I Can Cry If I Want To», Business 2.0, March 2001, « http://www.business2.com/articles/ mag/0,1640,9662,FF.html » (12 August 2001).

58. Daniel Dern, «A Real Brief History of Usenet», BYTE Magazine, 4 September 1999.

59. Smith, «Mapping Social Cyberspaces», 12.

60. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House, 2001).

61. «FCC Launches Proceeding to Promote Widespread Deployment of High-speed Broadband Internet Access Services», 14 February 2002, « http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Common_Carrier/News_Releases/2002/ nrcc0202.html » (24 February 2002).

62. «Cable TV Lobby, Including Comcast, Tells FCC: Give Us a „Closed“ Broadband Net», Center for Digital Democracy, 15 February 2002, « http://www.democraticmedia.org/news/washingtonwatch/ca-bleletter.html » (25 February 2002). See also: Cable Industry FCC Lobbying Document, Center for Digital Democracy, 8 February 2002, « http:// www.democraticmedia.org/resources/filings/cableFCCLobbyingDocu-ment.pdf » (25 February 2002).

63. «FCC Sides with Cable Net Firms», Associated Press, 14 March 2002, « http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,51061,00.html » (29 March 2002).

64. L. Garton, С Haythornthwaite, and B. Wellman, «Studying Online Social Networks», Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3, 1 (1997): 1.

65. Barry Wellman, «Physical Place and CyberPlace: The Rise of Personalized Networking», International journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, 2 (2001): 227-252, « http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/ publications/individualism/ijurr3al.htm » (29 March 2002).

66. Alun Anderson, «The Mathematics of Mayhem», in The World in 2001, « http://www.theworldin.com/arts/sci/fsl.html » (5 May 2001).

67. Gordon E. Moore, «Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits», Electronics 38, 8 (19 April 1965): 114-117.

68. «Moore's Law», Intel Corporation, « http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm » (21 December 2001).

69. Scott Kirsner, «The Legend of Bob Metcalfe», Wired 6.11, November 1998, « http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive//6.11/metcalfe.html? person=bob_metcalfe amp;topic_set=wiredpeople » (27 January 2002).

70. David P. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential: Beyond Metcalfe's Law to the Power of Community Building», originally appeared in Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999) « http://www.contextmag.com/archives/199903/ digitalstrategyreedslaw.asp » (25 January 2002).

71. Francis Fukuyama, Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995).

72. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential», 1999.

Глава 3

1. Epigraph: Cory Doctorow, «My Date with the Gnomes of San Jose», Mindjack, 15 October 2000. « http://www.mindjack.com/feature/ p2p.html. » (25 January 2002).

2. Charlene Anderson, «SETI@home and the Planetary Society: A Reminiscence and a Hope for the Future», May 2000, « http:// www.planetary.org/UPDATES/seti/seti@home_and_planetary_society.html » (20 January 2002). See also: Roving Mouse, «SETI@home Stats», « http:// www.roving-mouse.com/setiathome/ » (25 January 2002).

3. Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage, 2000).

4. David P. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential: Beyond Metcalfe's Law to the Power of Community Building», Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999) «http:.// www.contextmag.com/archives/199903/digitalstrategyreedslaw.asp » (1 February 2002).

5. John F. Shoch and Jon A. Hupp, «Notes on the 'Worm' Programs — Some Early Experience with a Distributed Computation», Xerox PARC, September 1980.

6. Ibid., 1. See also: John Branner, Shockwave Rider (New York: Del Rey, 1975), 249-252.

7. Miron Livny and Udi Manber, «Distributed Computation Via Active Messages», IEEE Transactions on Computers 34, 12 (1985): 1185-1190.

8. «Deepest Computation in History for a Yes/No Answer», Technical News Release, 29 September 1999, « http://www.perfsci.com/ F24release.html » (1 February 2002).

9. «GIMPS Finds First Million-Digit Prime, Stakes Claim to $50,000 EFF Award», 30 June 1999, « http://www.mersenne.org/6972593.htm » (30 January 2002).

10. «Distributed Computing for Global Climate Research at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory», « http://www.climate-dynamics.rl.ac.uk/ index.html » (25 January 2002).

11. United Devices, « http://www.ud.com/ » (1 February 2002).

12. «The United Devices Cancer Research Program», « http://www.intel.com/cure/united.htm » (23 December 2001).

13. Henry Norr, «Idle Computer Time Can Fight Cancer», San Francisco Chronicle, 4 April 2001, Bl.

14. Paul Marks, «Anthrax Screensaver Finds Promising New Drugs», NewScientist.com , 19 February 2002, « http://www.newscientist.com/ news/news.jsp?id=ns99991953 » (19 February 2002).

15. Google Compute, « http://toolbar. google.com/dc/faq_dc.html » (6 March 2002).

16. Harry McCracken, «The Digital Century», PC World, December 1999, « http://www.pcworld.com/resource/article.asp?aid=13531 » (5 February 2002).

17. Matt Richtel, «With Napster Down, Its Audience Fans Out», New York Times, 20 July 2001, « http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/20/ college/coll20MUSI.html » (2 February 2002); Ron Harris, «Technology: Copyright Laws at Stake in Napster Case», Nando Times, 2 March 2001, « http://archive.nandotimes.eom/technology/story/0 ,1643,500458967500698582503788773-0,00.html» (5 February 2002).

18. Dan Bricklin, «The Cornucopia of the Commons», in Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001).

19. Ashlee Vance, «Napster Serenades Songwriters, Ready to End Lawsuit», Unlimited Net, 26 September 2001, « http:// www.unlimited.net.nz/unlimited/unlimited.nsf/ArchiveByAuthor/ 3CC3423C3EA87267CC256AD2006D2BA9?OpenDocument» (5 February 2002).

20. «Napster Offers $1 Billion to Settle Suit», CNN.com , 21 February 2001, « http://www.cnn.com/2001/LAW/02/20/napster.settlement.03/ » (5 February 2002).

21. Gene Kan [1977-2002], «Gnutella», in Peer-to-Peer Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001); «What Is Gnutella?» Gnutella News, « http://www.gnutellanews.com/information/what_is_gnutella.shtml » (2 February 2002).

22. Nullsoft, Inc., « http://www.nullsoft.com/ » (29 January 2002).

23. David E. Weekly, «Client as Server: The New Model», Freshmeat. net, 16 April 2000, « http://freshmeat.net/articles/view/155/ » (2 February 2002).

24. Gnutella News.

25. Kelly Truelove, «Gnutella and the Transient Web», OpenP2P.com, 22 March 2001, « http://www.openp2p.eom/pub/a/p2p/2001/03/22/traelove.html » (17 January 2002).

26. Eytan Adar and Bernardo A. Huberman, «Free Riding on Gnutella», First Monday 5, 10 (2000), « http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue5_ 10/adar/index.html » (2 February 2002).

27. Mojo Nation, « http://www.mojonation.net/ » (23 January 2002).

28. Steven Johnson, «The Taste Test», Feed, 8 May 2001, « http:// www.feedmag.com/templates/default.php3?a_id=1703 » (23 December 2001).

29. Lou Gerstner, addressing the eBusiness Conference Expo in New York City, 12 December 2000, « http://www.ibm.com/lvg/1212.phtml » (2 February 2002).

30. Michelle Delio, «The Grid Draws Its Battle Lines», Wired News, 20 February 2002, « http://www.wired.com/news/technol-ogy/0,1282,50538,00.html » (29 March 2002).

31. Ian Foster, «Internet Computing and the Emerging Grid», Nature, 7 December 2000, « http://www.nature.com/nature/webmatters/grid/ grid.html » (23 November 2001).

32. John Markoff, «The Soul of the Ultimate Machine», New York Times, 12 December 2000, « http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/10/ technology/10SMAR.html » (24 January 2002).

33. Steve Lohr, «IBM Making a Commitment to Next Phase of the Internet», New York Times, 2 August 2001, « http://www.nytimes. com/2001/08/02/technology/02BLUE.html »

34. Ann Harrison, «The Crime of Distributed Computing», Register, 12 December 2001, « http://www.theregister.co.Uk/content/6/23477.html » (1 February 2002).

35. Steven Bonisteel, «Criminal Charges Settled in Distributed-Com-puting Case», Newsbytes, 17 January 2002, « http://www.newsbytes.com/ news/02/173751.html ».

36. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House 2001).

Глава 4

1. Epigraph: Mark Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century», Scientific American, September 1991, p. 94-104. « http://www.ubiq.corn/ hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html », 2 February 2002.

2. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (New York: Simon amp; Schuster, 1985).