Azamat Abdoullaev - Science and Technology in the 21st Century. Future Physics & Technology

In fact, there might exist a reversed, or inverted, negative form of matter, with negative gravity, which qualitatively different to antimatter, materials composed of antiparticles, invisible to us as the curving of space, but detectable through its anti-gravitational effects of repulsion. This condition could be referred to as Dark Matter existing in a 5th dimensional hyperspace, being part of space-time's matter and equal in amount to ordinary, baryonic matter. Then inverted space-time becomes negative hyperspace and formally described by imaginary numbers, with all the nonstandard consequences as to its properties and behavior. There is a cosmological speculation as to a real composition of the universe. The standard model of cosmology indicates that dark energy contributes 68.3% of the total energy in the whole observable universe, with its density as low as (~ 7 × 10 -30g/cm3), uniformly occupying empty space and having negative pressure (acting repulsively), while the mass–energy of dark matter makes 26.8%, ordinary (baryonic) matter contribute 4.9%, plus the rest components, such as neutrinos and photons, giving in a negligible amount. Other observations are figuring a universe made up 71.3% of dark energy and 27.4% of a combination of dark matter and baryonic matter.

Whatever, knowing the nature of dark energy and dark matter, as the fundamental cosmological constant and quintessence, how it all interacts with the ordinary matter, as subjected to numbers in terms of extension, change, force, mass, energy and radiation, is most critical for a single theory of the universe

Since, ultimately, four or five main force-interactions, strong, electromagnetic, weak, gravitational, and dark, would combine into the proto force, the Faraday’s universal force , in the ToE, like as in a super string theory, at the beginning of the universe (up to 10 -43seconds after the Big Bang), the four fundamental forces were once a single fundamental force. One might add up here a hypothetical fifth fundamental force of nature, “dark force of dark energy and matter”, theorizing as a force pushing the galaxies aside accelerating the expansion of the universe up to half of the age of the universe (7,5 billion years) ( Krasznahorkay, A. J. et al. Physical Review Letters 116, 042501 (2016)) .

That might implies that all the fundamental force-interactions might come out as different manifestations of the prime natural force , the prime mover, the first cause of all changes in the universe, including the original event of the hypothetical Big Bang, the singularity referring to the early hot, dense state considered the "birth" of the universe.

So, the final cause of natural science of physics is, in the most general way, to formulate a system of comprehensive principles uniting and explaining all physical phenomena, physical causes and forces, mechanical, gravitational, thermal, electromagnetic, and nuclear forces, weak and strong.

The very universality and convertibility of natural forces and the reversible relationships of physical causes and thence their inherent integrity inspired Faraday, Maxwell and Einstein to seek unification of all the physical processes by a single set of physical laws.

The very universality and symmetry of interactions of natural forces, or reversibility of physical processes, has inspired great physical minds to discover the basic laws of physics, as symmetry principles and conservation laws, and formulate the quantum theory and relativity principle, as Einstein’s matter-energy relationship or space-time relationship.

The very universality of conservation laws of interactions of natural forces, as gravity, nuclear interactions, or electromagnetic interactions, has inspired to discover one of the basic principles of nature, that the laws of physics remains valid in all places and times in the universe. Regardless of all the changes taking place with physical systems, of any scale and complexity, basic physical quantities, as mass, momentum, mass-energy, or baryon number, remain unchangeable or constant.

But, regardless that the great ideas of forcible interactions, process reversibility, energy and effect convertibility have been guiding physical science since its origination, neither has been properly formulated as the fundamental principle and general law of nature and the universe.

To contribute, we introduced the concepts of

universal force-relationship

convertibility laws

reversibility principles

They are introduced as the highly integrative principles of physical sciences, especially, the natural science of physics and theoretical physics, as the most fundamental laws of nature and the universe ( Новик И.Б., Абдуллаев А.Ш. "Введение в информационный мир", М. Наука, 1991, in Russian; see Supplement: Encyclopedic Knowledge Base in Physics ).

As a result, the interactions of natural forces are formulated in the new terms of force-relationships, covering the current constructs forces, force lines, force-interactions, or force-fields. Forces are constructed as symmetrical force-relations, forceful interrelationships, efficient interrelations, powerful interrelationships, energetic interconnections, effective mapping, or forcible interactions producing physical changes and effects.

Natural forces are engines of the universe and being studied much less than the whole subject deserves. It is forces, their actions and interactions, determine the structure of the universe at all its levels, microscopic or macroscopic or cosmological. We know little about forces, their nature and properties, kinds and laws and relationships, some even hypothesizing that in unified field theories “all forces are fictitious”, or pseudo forces. Most references here traditionally go to the use of Newton's Second Law for a definition of force, which was disparaged as essentially a mathematical truism by notable physicists, philosophers and mathematicians looking for a more substantive definition of the concept of force, as the principle of all physical science.

Still, applying symmetry to forces, the third law pinpointed the key feature of forces: all forces are interactions between different bodies. That means that they have the nature of interrelationships of power, efficiency and energy, what could be generalized as a symmetrical force-relationship. In other words, there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body, in one progressive direction. Whenever a body exerts a force F on another body, the other one exerts a force −F on the first body, now in the regressive direction. F and −F are equal in magnitude BUT opposite in direction, having both magnitude and direction as vector quantities.

This action-reaction law, with F called the direct "action", or progressive force, and −F the reverse "reaction", retrogressive or inverse force, is making a decisive inductive case for the most fundamental truth about nature.

The truth of natural causes or forces is that the action and the reaction relationships are universal phenomena applied to all physical interactions and forces, fundamental and non-fundamental.

The Diversity and Unity of the Force-Interaction: the ToE as the Holy Grail of New Physics

All forces are hierarchically related, making up the natural hierarchy of forces, forces, force lines and force fields, topped by the super symmetry force-interaction, a single universal force of coming Theory of Everything (ToE), or Final Theory, Ultimate Theory, or Master Theory, a single, all-encompassing, consistent and complete theoretical framework of physics linking together all the physical properties and phenomena of the universe.

At present, there is no theory of everything that includes the standard model of particle physics and general relativity, such as to calculate the fine structure constant and the mass of the electron, hoping that a deeper search for new particles and dark force at the large particle accelerators could provide critical input for the ToE. There are a number of candidate theories to unite general relativity and quantum field theory, designed as the working theories of quantum gravity: string theory, superstring theory, M-theory, loop quantum gravity, causal fermion systems, and causal sets.

The last two theories are recent developments and in line with our Causal Category Theory of Everything capable to generalize and complete new candidates for a unified physical theory, as causal sets program and the theory of causal fermion systems, considering general relativity and quantum field theory as limiting cases. In the causal sets program, the founding principles are that space-time is fundamentally discrete and that space-time events are related by a partial order, having the physical meaning of the causality relations between space-time events.

Ultimately, the ToE would unify all the fundamental interactions of nature, gravity, strong interaction, weak interaction, and electromagnetism, as well as shedding light on a postulated inflationary force, dark energy and dark matter.

As such, it is makes the Theory of All Forces in the Universe, ordered by the subordination and inclusion relationships ( Abdoullaev A., Reality, Universal Ontology and Knowledge Systems: Toward the Intelligent World, IGI Global, USA, 2008 ):

Prime Force (ToE)::

Quantum Gravity (Space Curvature, Standard Model of Cosmology; Electronuclear Force (GUT, Standard Model of Particle Physics)::

Strong Interaction (SU (3); Electroweak Interaction (SU(2) x U(1))::

Weak Interaction, Electromagnetism U(1 em )::

Magnetism and Electricity::

Non-Fundamental Forces (contact forces, elasticity, viscosity, friction, and pressure, etc.).

The non-fundamental forces are classified as

normal force,

friction,

tension,

elastic forces,

continuum mechanics forces of pressure,

drag and stress,

fictitious forces coming from non-inertial reference frames, as the centrifugal force and the Coriolis force,

general relativity gravity .

The pressure gradients and differentials is said to cause the buoyant force for fluids in gravitational fields, the aerodynamic forces of lifting in flight, winds in atmospheric science, like trade winds and anti-trade winds in the tropics.

Besides, forces are also classified as conservative or not conservative, where conservative forces are equivalent to the gradient of a potential energy field while not conservative forces are not. The former includes gravity, the electromagnetic force, and the spring force, while the latter friction, contact forces, tension, compression, and drag.

By their very nature, natural forces are natural causes and effects, all of the same kind of natural entities: events, actions, processes, or changes of states of some physical system, like the motive force is a rate of change of momentum. They are the mutual and reciprocal actions of one physical system or body to another to produce effects, or interactive relationships, the force-interrelationship.

Forces are not only what causing efficient changes of physical properties, but also what opposing any agency and efficiency. Both the active processes producing changes and the reactive processes opposing changes, as the inertial force and motive force, change of momentum-motion, acting power and operating energy, force-fields. And the actions of forces are always in both directions, progressive and retrogressive, direct and inverse, inductive and resistive, attractive and repulsive, forward and backward, while defining the symmetry operations and conserving critical physical quantities as mass, momentum and energy, parity and baryon number.