Джон Ричардсон - Мысленные образы. Когнитивный подход

Когда для решения вопроса недостаточно одних только поведенческих данных, можно использовать разработанные психологами-экспериментаторами задания, чтобы избирательно стимулировать специфические мозговые системы и наблюдать возникающую при этом нервную активность, а также чтобы изучить последствия поражений мозга – и эти дополнительные данные решат многие вопросы (р. 407).

Это очень серьезное послание к когнитивным психологам, которое, наряду с другими вещами, дает уверенность в том, что в обозримом будущем образы по-прежнему останутся в центре их исследовательских интересов.

1. Мысленные образы понимаются исследователями по-разному, но в русле каждого подхода были получены важные результаты, касающиеся роли образов в когнитивной сфере человека.

2. Структуры, локализованные в задней части левого полушария мозга, по-видимому, играют важную роль в формировании и переживании образов. Структуры правого полушария обеспечивают, по всей видимости, процессы трансформации и управления образами.

3. Для когнитивных психологов исследования образов – это образец того, как фундаментальные концептуальные, теоретические и эмпирические вопросы, относящиеся к когнитивной сфере человека, могут быть соотнесены с изучением мозговых механизмов сознательных процессов.

Albert, M.L. (1973). A simple test of visual neglect. Neurology, 23, 658–664.

Alesandrini, K.L. (1981). Pictorial-verbal and analytic-holistic learning strategies in science learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 358–368.

Anderson, B. (1993). Spared awareness for the left side of internal visual images in patients with left-sided extrapersonal neglect. Neurology, 43, 213–216.

Anderson, J.R. (1978). Arguments concerning representations for mental imagery. Psychological Review, 85, 249–277.

Anderson, J.R., & Bower, G.H. (1973). Human associative memory. Washington, DC: Winston.

Anderson, R.C., & Kulhavy, R.W. (1972). Imagery and prose learning. Journal of Educational

Psychology, 63, 242–243.

Ashton, R., & White, K.D. (1980). Sex differences in imagery vividness: An artifact of the test. British Journal of Psychology, 71, 35–38.

Baddeley, A.D. (1986). Working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Baddeley, A., & Andrade, J. (1998). Working memory and consciousness: An empirical approach. In M.A. Conway, S.E. Gathercole, & C. Cornoldi (Eds), Theories of memory II (pp. 1-24). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

Baddeley, A.D., Grant, S., Wight, E., & Thomson, N. (1975). Imagery and visual working memory. In P.M.A. Rabbitt & S. Dornic (Eds), Attention and performance V (pp. 205–217). London: Academic Press.

Baddeley, A.D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press.

Baddeley, A.D., & Lieberman, K. (1980). Spatial working memory. In R.S. Nickerson (Ed.), Attention and performance VIII (pp. 521–539). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Baddeley, A.D., Thomson, N., & Buchanan, M. (1975). Word length and the structure of short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 575–589.

Bakan, P. (1969). Hypnotizability, laterality of eye-movements and functional brain asymmetry. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 28, 927–932.

Bakan, P., & Strayer, F.F. (1973). On reliability of conjugate lateral eye movements. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 36, 429–430.

Barbut, D., & Gazzaniga, M.S. (1987). Disturbances in conceptual space involving language and speech. Brain, 110, 1487–1496.

Barratt, P.E. (1953). Imagery and thinking. Australian Journal of Psychology, 5, 154–164. Bartlett, F.C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. London: Cambridge University Press.

Bartolomeo, P., D’Erme, P., & Gainotti, G. (1994). The relationship between visuo-spatial and representational neglect. Neurology, 44, 1710–1714.

Basso, A., Bisiach, E., & Luzzatti, C. (1980). Loss of mental imagery: A case study. Neuro-psychologia, 18, 435–442.

Beatty, W.W., & Butters, N. (1986). Further analysis of encoding in patients with Huntington’s disease. Brain and Cognition, 5, 387–398.

Begg, I. (1972). Recall of meaningful phrases. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11, 431–439.

Begg, I. (1978). Imagery and organization in memory: Instructional effects. Memory and Cognition, 6, 174–183.

Benjafield, J., & Muckenheim, R. (1989). Dates of entry and measures of imagery, concreteness, goodness, and familiarity for 1,046 words sampled from the Oxford English Dictionary. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 21, 31–52.

Berg, M.R., & Harris, L.J. (1980). The effect of experimenter location and subject anxiety on cerebral activation as measured by lateral eye movements. Neuropsychologia, 18, 89–93.

Berger, G.H., & Gaunitz, S.C.B. (1977). Selfrated imagery and vividness of task pictures in relation to visual memory. British Journal of Psychology, 68, 283–288.

Berlyne, D.E. (1965). Structure and direction in thinking. New York: Wiley.

Beschin, N., Cocchini, G., Delia Sala, S., & Logie, R.H. (1997). What the eyes perceive, the brain ignores: A case of pure unilateral representational neglect. Cortex, 33, 3—26.

Betts, G.H. (1909). The distribution and functions of mental imagery (Contributions to Education, No. 26). New York: Columbia University, Teachers College.

Bisiach, E., Capitani, E., Luzzatti, C, & Perani, D. (1981). Brain and conscious representation of outside reality. Neuropsychologia, 19, 543–551.

Bisiach, E., & Luzzatti, С (1978). Unilateral neglect of representational space. Cortex, 14, 129–133.

Bisiach, E., Luzzatti, C, & Perani, D. (1979). Unilateral neglect, representational scheme and consciousness. Brain, 102, 609–618. Bobrow, S.A., & Bower, G.H. (1969). Comprehension and recall of sentences. Journal of

Experimental Psychology, 80, 455–461. Bonin, G. von, & Bailey, P. (1947). Neocortex of Macaca mulatta. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Bower, G.H. (1970). Imagery as a relational organizer in associative learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 533–539.

Bower, G.H. (1972). Mental imagery and associative learning. In L.W. Gregg (Ed.), Cognition in learning and memory (pp. 51–88). New York: Wiley.

Brandimonte, M.A., & Gerbino, W. (1993). Mental image reversal and verbal recoding: When ducks become rabbits. Memory and Cognition, 21, 23–33.

Bransford, J.D., & Franks, J.J. (1971). The abstraction of linguistic ideas. Cognitive Psychology, 2, 331–350.

Brener, R. (1940). An experimental investigation of memory span. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 26, 467–482.

Brooks, L.R. (1967). The suppression of visualization by reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 19, 289–299.

Bruyer, R., & Racquez, F. (1985). Are lateral differences in word processing modulated by concreteness, image-ability, both, or neither? International Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 181–189.

Buschke, H. (1973). Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 12, 543–550.

Byrne, B. (1974). Item concreteness vs spatial organization as predictors of visual imagery. Memory and Cognition, 2, 53–59.

Cantor, D.S., Andreassen, C, & Waters, H.S. (1985). Organization in visual episodic memory: Relationships between verbalized knowledge, strategy use, and performance. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 40, 218–232.

Chaguiboff, J., & Denis, M. (1981). Activite d’imagerie et reconnaissance de noms prov-enant d’un texte narratif. L’Annee Psychologique, 81, 69–86.

Chambers, D., & Reisberg, D. (1985). Can mental images be ambiguous? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11, 317–328.

Cohen, B.H., & Saslona, M. (1990). The advantage of being an habitual visualizer. Journal of Mental Imagery, 14 (3 & 4), 101–112.

Cohen, M.S., Kosslyn, S.M., Breiter, H.C., Di-Girolamo, G.J., Thompson, W.L., Anderson, A.K., Bookheimer, S.Y., Rosen, B.R., & Belliveau, J.W. (1996).

Changes in cortical activity during mental rotation: A mapping study using functional MRI. Brain, 119, 89—100.

Cohen, W., & Polich, J. (1989). No hemispheric differences for mental rotation of letters or polygons. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27, 25–28.

Coltheart, M. (1980). Deep dyslexia: A right-hemisphere hypothesis. In M. Coltheart, K. Patterson, & J.C. Marshall (Eds), Deep dyslexia (pp. 326–380). London: Routledge & Keg-

Cooper, L.A., & Shepard, R.N. (1973). Chronometric studies of the rotation of mental images. In W.G. Chase (Ed.), Visual information processing (pp. 75-176). New York: Academic Press.

Corballis, M.C. (1982). Mental rotation: Anatomy of a paradigm. In M. Potegal (Ed.), Spatial abilities: Developmental and physiological foundations (pp. 173–198). New York: Aca-

Corballis, M.C, & Sergent, J. (1988). Imagery in a commissurotomized patient. Neuropsychologia, 26, 13–26.

Corballis, M.C, & Sergent, J. (1989). Mental rotation in a commissurotomized patient. Neuropsychologia, 27, 585–598.

Cornoldi, C, & De Beni, R. (1991). Memory for discourse: Loci mnemonics and the oral presentation effect. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 511–518.

Cornoldi, C, Logie, R., Brandimonte, M., Kauf-mann, G., & Reisberg, D. (1996). Stretching the imagination: Representation and transformation in mental imagery. New York: Oxford University Press.

Davidson, R.J., & Schwartz, G.E. (1977). Brain mechanisms subserving self-generated imagery: Electrophysiological specificity and patterning. Psychophysiology, 14, 598–601.

De Beni, R-. (1988). The aid given by the “loci” memory technique in the memorization of passages. In M.M. Gruneberg, P.E. Morris, & R.N. Sykes (Eds), Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues: Vol. 2. Clinical and Educational Implications (pp. 421–424). Chichester, UK: Wiley.