Мартин Эсслин - Театр абсурда

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

1 San Quentin News, San Quentin, Calif., November 28, 1957.

2 Ibid.

3 Theatre Arts, New York, July, 1958.

4 Ibid.

5 San Quentin News, November 28, 1957.

6 Albert Camus. Le Mythe de Sisyphe. Paris: Gallimard, 1942. P. 18.

7 Eugene Ionesco. Dans les armes de la ville. Cahiers de la Compagnie Madeleine Renaud — Jean-Louis Barrault, Paris, No. 20, October 1957.

ГЛАВА ПЕРВАЯ

1 Samuel Beckett. Murphy. N.Y., Grove Press, no date. P. 269.

2 Beckett, Proust. N.Y., Grove Press, no date. P. 57.

3 Beckett, quoted by Harold Hobson. Samuel Beckett, dramatist of the year. International Theatre Annual. No. 1. London. John Calder, 1956.

4 Peggy Guggenheim. Confessions of Art Addict. London, Andre Deutsch, 1960. P. 50.

5 Beckett. Dante… Bruno. Vico… Joyce. In: Our Exagmination round his Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress. Paris, Shakespeare Co., 1929. P. 13.

6 Letters of James Joyce. Ed. Stuart Gilbert. London, Faber Faber,

1957. Pp. 280–281.

7 Proust. P. 46.

8 Ibid. P. 47.

9 Beckett. More Pricks than Kicks. London, Chatto Windus, 1934. P. 43.

10 Richard Ellmann. James Joyce. New York, Oxford University Press, 1959. P. 661.

11 Ibidem. P. 662.

12 Guggenheim. Op. cit. P. 50.

13 Ibid.

14 More Pricks than Kicks. P. 32.

15 Guggenheim. Op. cit. P. 50.

16 Niklaus Gessner. Die Unzulanglichkeit der Sprache. Zurich, Juris Verlag, 1957. P. 32.

17 Letter from Herbert Blau to members of San Francisko Actors’ Workshop, dated London, October 28, 1959.

18 Claude Mauriak. L’Litterature Contemporaine. Paris, Albin Michel,

1958. P. 83.

19 Alan Schneider. Waiting for Beckett. Chelsea Review, New York, Autumn, 1958.

20 Beckett. Waiting for Godot. London, Faber Faber, 1959. P. 41.

21 Ibid, P. 37.

22 Ibid. P. 34.

23 Gessner. Op. Cit. P. 37.

24 Waiting for Godot. P. 33.

25 Eric Bentley. What is Theatre? Boston, Beacon Press, 1956. P. 158.

26 Бальзак О. Собр. соч. в 15-ти томах. Т.14. М., ГИХЛ, 1955. С. 589. Пер. Е. Гунста.

27 Proust. Р. 2, 3.

28 Ibid. Р. 4, 5.

29 Ibid. Р. 13.

30 Waiting for Godot. P. 48.

31 Ibid. P. 88.

32 Ibid. P. 32.

33 Ibid. P. 89.

34 Ibid. P. 91.

35 Beckett. En Attendant Godot. Paris, Les Editions de Minuit, 1952. P. 30.

36 Waiting for Godot. P. 18.

37 Beckett, quoted by Harold Hobson, op. cit., and Alan Schneider, op. cit.

38 Waiting for Godot. P. 11.

39 Ibid. P. 12, 13.

40 Ibid.

41 Ibid. P. 31.

42 Ibid. P. 73, 74.

43 Ibid. P. 83, 84.

44 Ibid. P. 42.

45 Ibid. P. 10.

46 Ibid. P. 18.

47 Ibid. P. 20.

48 Ibid. P. 80.

49 Ibid. P. 34.

50 Eva Metman. Reflections on Samuel Beckett’s plays. Journal of Analytical Psychology. London, January, 1960. P. 51.

51 Waiting for Godot. P. 91.

52 Proust. P. 8 (курсив М.Э.).

53 Ibid. P. 9

54 Waiting for Godot. P. 64.

55 Ibid. P. 62, 63.

56 Jean-Paul Sartre. L’Etre etNeant. Paris, Gallimard, 1943. P. 111.

57 Beckett. Watt. Paris, Olympia Press, 1958. P. 144–145.

58 Ibid. P. 146.

59 Beckett. Endgame. N.Y., Grove Press, 1958. P. 43.

60 Ibid. P. 38.

61 Ibid. P. 14.

62 Ibid. P. 68.

63 Ibid. P. 75.

64 Ibid. P. 13.

65 Ibid. P. 56.

66 Ibid. P. 69.

68 Ibid. P. 79.

69 Ibid. P. 81.

70 Nicolai Evreinov. The Theatre of the Soul. Monodrama. Trans. M. Potapenko and C. St. John. London, 1915.

71 Endgame. P. 44.

72 Ibid. P. 1.

73 Lionel Abel. Joyce the father, Beckett the son. The New Leader. N.Y., December 14, 1959.

74 Endgame. P. 78.

75 Beckett. Fin de Partie. Paris, Les Editions de Minuit, 1957. P. 103–105.

76 Endgame. P. 79.

77 Beckett. Malone Dies. In: Molloy. Malone Dies. The Unnamable. London, John Calder, 1959. P. 193.

78 Murphy. P. 246.

79 Methman. Op. cit. P. 58.

80 Beckett. Act Without Words. In: Krapp’s Last Tape and Other Dramatic Pieces. N.Y., Grove Press, 1960.

81 Endgame. P. 57.

82 Beckett. All That Fall. In: Krapp’s Last Tape. P. 53.

83 Ibid. P. 74.

84 Ibid. P. 88.

85 Ibid. Beckett. Krapp’s Last Tape. In: Op. cit. P. 25.

86 Ibid. P. 28.

87 Beckett. Embers. In: Krapp’s Last Tape. P. 115.

88 Ibid. P. 121.

89 Ibid. P. 111.

90 Beckett. Molloy. In: Molloy / Malone Dies. The Unnamable. P. 50.

91 Beckett. Murphy. P. 40.

92 Beckett. Molloy. P. 28.

93 Beckett. The Unnamable. In: Molloy / Malone Dies. The Unnamable. P. 316.

94 Beckett. Endgame. P. 32, 33.

95 Beckett. Waiting for Godot. P. 61.

96 Becket. Endgame. P. 70.

97 Beckett. Molloy. P. 64.

ГЛАВА ВТОРАЯ

1 Arthur Adamov. L’Aveu. Paris, Editions du Sagittaire, 1946. P. 19.

2 Ibid. P. 23.

3 Ibid. P. 25, 26.

4 Ibid. P. 28.

5 Ibid. P. 42.

6 Ibid. P. 45.

7 Ibid. P. 45.

8 Adamov. The endless humiliation. Evergreen Review, N.Y., II, 8,

1959. P. 64–95.

9 L’Aveu. P. 69; The endless humiliation. P. 75.

10 Carl Gustav Jung. Le Moi et L’lnconscient. Trans. Adamov. Paris, 1938.

11 L’Aveu. P. 57; The endless humiliation. P. 67.

12 L’Aveu. P. 58; The endless humiliation. P. 67.

13 L’Aveu. P. 106.

14 Ibid. P. 110.

15 Ibid. P. 114.

16 Ibid. P. 115.

17 Adamov. Une fin et un commencement. L’ Heure Nouvelle. No. II. Paris, Editions du Sagittare, 1946. P. 17.

18 Adamov. Assignation. L’Heure Nouvelle. No. I. P. 3.

19 Ibid., footnote. P. 6.

20 Une Fin et un commencement. P. 16.

21 Le Refus. L’Heure Nouvelle, No. II, footnote. P. 6.

22 Ibid.

23 Adamov. Theatre II. Paris, Gallimard, 1955. Note Preliminaire. P. 8.

24 Ibid.

25 Ibid. P. 9.

26 Adamov. La Parodie. L’Invasion. Paris, Chariot, 1950. P. 22.

27 L’Aveu. P.85; The endless humiliation. P. 85.

28 Adamov. Theatre I. Paris, Gallimard, 1953. P. 86.

29 Ibid. P. 94.

30 La Parodie. L’Invasion. P. 16.

31 Ibid.

32 Adamov. In: Carlos Lynes, Jr. Adamov or le “sens litteral” in the theatre. Yale French Studies, No.14, Winter 1954, 1955.

33 Theatre I. P. 107.

34 La Parodie. L’Invasion. P. 22.

35 Ibid. P. 23.

36 Theatre II. P. 11.

37 Ibid. P. 12.

38 Ibid. P. 13.

39 Ibid. P. 12

40 Maurice Regnaut. Arthur Adamov et le sens du fetichisme. Cahiers Renaud-Barrault. Paris. Nos. 22, 23. May, 1958.

41 Theatre II. P. 14.

42 Adamov. As We Were. Trans. R. Howard. Evergreen Review, I, 4,

1957.

43 Theatre II. P. 15.

44 Ibid. P. 15.

45 Ibid. P. 17.

46 Theatre I. P. 136.

47 Qui Stes-vous Arthur Adamov? Cite Panorama. (Programme bulletin of Planchon’s Theatre de la Cit6), Villeurbanne, No. 9, 1960.

48 Theatre de Societe. Scenes d’Actualite. Paris, Les Editeurs Francais Reunis, 1958.

ГЛАВА ТРЕТЬЯ

1 Kenneth Tynan. Ionesco, man of destiny? The Observer, London, June 22, 1958.

2 Ionesco. The playwright’s role. The Observer, June 29, 1958.

3 Ibid.

4 Ibid.

5 Tynan. Ionesco and the phantom. The Observer, July 6, 1958.

6 Ionesco. Le coeur n’est pas sur la main. Cahiers des Saisons. Paris, No. 15, Winter 1959.

7 Ibid.

8 Ionesco. Lorsque j’ecris… Cahiers des Saisons. Paris, No. 15.

9 Ionesco. Experience du theatre. Nouvelle Revue Fran^aiose, Paris, Febriary 1, 1958. P. 253.

10 Ionesco. Printemps 1939. Les debris du souvenir. Pages de jounal. Cahiers Renaud-Barrault, No. 29, 1960. P. 104.

11 Ibid. P. 108.

12 Lorsque j’ecris…

13 Printemps 1939. Op. cit. P.98.

14 Ibid. P. 103.

15 Experience du theatre. Op. cit. P. 247.

16 Ibid. P. 253.

17 Lutembi. Contribution a une etude des sources de la Cantatrice Chauve. Cahiers du College de Pataphysique, 8–9, 1953.

18 Ionesco. La tragedie du langage. Spectacles, Paris, No. 2, July,

1958.

19 Ibid.

20 Ibid.

21 Nicolas Bataille. La bataille de la Cantatrice. Cahiers des Saisons, No. 15.

22 Experience du theatre. Op. cit. P. 258.

23 Ibid. P. 258, 259.

24 The Observer, July 14, 1958.

25 Experience du theatre. Op. cit.. P. 268.

26 Ionesco. The world of Ionesco. International Theatre Annual. No. 2. London, Calder, 1957.

27 Ionesco. The tragedy of language. The Tulane Drama Review, Spring, 1960.

28 Ionesco. Le point du depart. Cahiers des Quatre Saisons. Paris, No. 1. August 1955.

29 Ionesco. Preface to Les Possddes, adapted from Dostoevski by Akakia Viala and Nicolas Bataille. Paris, Editions Emile-Paul, 1959.

30 Ibid.

31 Ibid.

32 Jacques Lemarchand. Preface to Ionesco. Theatre I. Paris, 1954.

33 Touchard P. A. La loi du theatre. Cahiers des Saisons, No. 15.

34 Letter from Ionesco to Sylvain Dhomme, quoted by F. Towamicki. Des Chaises vides… a Broadway. Spectacles, Paris, No. 2, July, 1958.

35 J. Anouilh. Du chapitre des Chaises, Figaro, Paris, April 23, 1956.

36 Ionesco. Victims of Duty. In: Plays, vol. II, London, Calder; N.Y., Grove Press, 1958. P. 119.

37 Ibid. P. 158, 159.

38 Ibid. P. 162.

39 Ibid. P. 159.

40 Sartre. L’Etre et le Neant. Paris: Gallimard, 1943. P. 60.

41 Ibid. P. 85.

42 S. Doubrovsky. Le rire d’Eugene Ionesco. Nouvelle Revue Franijaise. Febriary, 1960.

43 Ibid.

44 Le point du depart.

45 Ibid.

46 Ionesco. Theatre I. Paris: Arcanes. 1953. Trans. Sasha Moorsom. The Motor Show. In: 3 Arts Quarterly. London, No. 2, Summer, 1960.

47 Ionesco. La Jeune Fille a Marier. In: Theatre II. Trans. Donald Watson. In: Plays, vol. III. London, Calder; N.Y., Grove Press, 1960. P. 158.

48 Ionesco. Le Maitre. In: Theatre II. Trans. Derek Prouse. The Leader. In: Plays, vol. IV. London, Calder; N.Y., Grove Press, 1960.

49 Ionesco. Interview. L’Express. January 28, 1960.

50 Ionesco. Amcdee. Trans. Donald Watson. In: Plays, vol. II. London, Calder: N.E., Grove Press, 1958. P. 8.

51 Ibid. P. 48.

52 Ibid. P. 52, 53.

53 Ibid. P. 62.

54 lonesko. Oriflamme. Nouvelle Revue Francaise, Febriary, 1954.

55 Ibid.

56 Ionesco. Le Tableau. Dossiers Acenonctes du College de Pata- physique, No.l, 1958. P. 44.

57 Ibid. P. 5.

58 Ibid.

59 Eugene Ionesco ouvre le feu. World Theatre, Paris, VIII, 3, Autumn, 1960.

60 Ionesco. Pages de journal. Nouvelle Revue Frangese, February, 1960.

61 Eugene Ionesco ouvre le feu.

62 Ionesco. Improvisation. Trans. Donald Watson. In: Plays, vol. III. London, Calder; N.Y., Grove Press, 1960. P. 112, 113

63 Ibid. P. 113, 114.

64 Ibid. P. 149, 150.

65 Theatre Populaire, Paris, No. 17, March 1, 1956. P. 77.

66 Sam White. Paris Newsletter. Evening Standard, London, May 24,