Джессика Сакс - Микробы хорошие и плохие. Наше здоровье и выживание в мире бактерий

14 “Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Disease”, disease listing, National Center for Infectious Diseases /Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, October 6, 2005.

15 Moe Kyaw et al., “Effect of Introduction of the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae”, New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006), 1455–1524.

16 Henry Shinefield et al., “Use of Staphylococcus aureus Conjugate Vaccine in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis”, New England Journal of Medicine 346 (2002) 491–496.

17 Yukiko Stranger-Jones et al., “Vaccine Assembly from Surface Proteins of Staphylococcus aureus ” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2006), 16942-16947.

18 Интервью, взятые автором у Юкико Стрейнджер-Джонс в ноябре – декабре 2006 г.

19 D. G. Brockstedt et al., “Killed but Metabolically Active Microbes: A New Vaccine Paradigm for Eliciting Effector T-cell Responses and Protective Immunity”, Nature Medicine 11 (2005), 853–860.

20 N. Porat et al., “Emergence of Penicillin-Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae Clones Expressing Serotypes Not Present in the Antipneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine”, Journal of Infectious Diseases 190 (2004), 2154–2161.

21 Grace Lee et al., “Pertussis in Adolescents and Adults: Should We Vaccinate?” Pediatrics 115 (2005), 1675–1684.

22 Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib) Vaccine: What You Need to Know (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, 2006).

23 Heikki Peltola, “Worldwide Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease at the Beginning of the 21st Century”, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13 (2000), 302–317.

24 Elie Metchnikoff, The Prolongation of Life (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908).

25 Sherwood Gorbach, “The Discovery of Lactobacillus GG” Nutrition Today 31 (1996), 2S – 4S.

26 H. L. DuPont, “Prevention of Diarrhea by the Probiotic Lactobacillus GG” Journal ofPediatrics 134 (1999), 1–2; T. Arvola et al., “Prophylactic Lactobacillus GG Reduces Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Children with Respiratory Infections: A Randomized Study”, Pediatrics 104 (1999), e64; E. Hilton et al., “Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG as a Diarrheal Preventive in Travelers”, Journal of Travel Medicine 4 (1997), 41–43; J. A. Billier et al., “Treatment of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Colitis with Lactobacillus GG” Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 21 (1995), 224–226.

27 Andrew Bruce et al., “Recurrent Urethritis in Women”, Canadian Medical Association Journal 108 (1973), 973–976; Andrew Bruce et al., “The Significance of Perineal Pathogens in Women”, Journal of Urology 112 (1974), 808–810.

28 J. D. Sobel, “Is There a Protective Role for Vaginal Flora?” Current Infectious Disease Reports 1 (1999), 379–383; Marie Pirotta et al., “Effect of Lactobacillus in Preventing Post-antibiotic Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Randomised Controlled Trial”, British Medical Journal 329 (2004), 548–551; T. Kontiokari et al., “Randomized Trial of Cranberry-Lingonberry Juice and Lactobacillus GG Drink for the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Women”, British Medical Journal 322 (2001), 1571–1575.

29 Gregor Reid, “In Vitro Testing of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM as a Possible Probiotic for the Urogenital Tract”, International Dairy Journal 10 (2000), 415–419.

30 R. C. Chan, A. W. Bruce, G. Reid, “Adherence of Cervical, Vaginal and Distal Urethral Normal Microbial Flora to Human Uroepithelial Cells and the Inhibition of Adherence of Gram-negative Uropathogens by Competitive Exclusion”, Journal of Urology 131 (1984), 596–601; Gregor Reid, Andrew Bruce, “Selection of Lactobacillus Strains for Urogenital Probiotic Applications”, Journal of Infectious Diseases 183 (2001), S77 – S80; Gillian Gardiner et al., “Persistence of Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 but not L. rhamnosus GG in the Human Vagina as Demonstrated by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA”, Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9 (2002), 92–96.

31 Gregor Reid et al., “Probiotic Lactobacillus Dose Required to Restore and Maintain a Normal Vaginal Flora”, FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 32 (2001), 37–41; Gardiner et al., “Persistence of Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14”.

32 Kingsley Anukam et al., “Clinical Study Comparing Probiotic Lactobacillus GR-1 and RC-14 with Metronidazole Vaginal Gel to Treat Symptomatic Bacterial Vaginosis”, Microbes and Infection 8 (2006), 2772–2776.

33 Jarrow Formulas, “Unique Probiotic Concept for Women Now Launched in USA”, пресс-релиз от 4 апреля 2006 г.

34 Ngo Th1 Hoa et al., “Characterization of Bacillus Species Used for Oral Bacteriotherapy and Bacterioprophylaxis of Gastrointestinal Disorders”, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (2000), 5241–5247; Gregor Reid, “Safe and Efficacious Probiotics: What Are They?” Trends in Microbiology 14 (2006), 348–352.

35 Kristian Roos et al., “Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis. The Possible Protective Role of Alpha-streptococci Against Spread and Recurrence of Group A Streptococcal Throat Infection”, Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 17 (1999), 46–48.

36 Kristian Roos et al., “Recolonization with Selected Alpha-streptococci for Prophylaxis of Recurrent Streptococcal Pharyngotonsillitis – A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Multicentre Study”, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Disease 28 (1996), 459–462.

37 G. Falck et al., “Tolerance and Efficacy of Interfering AlphaStreptococci in Recurrence of Streptococcal Pharyngotonsillitis”, Acta Oto-Laryngologica 119 (1999), 944–948.

38 Kristian Roos et al., “Effect of Recolonisation with Interfering Alpha Streptococci on Recurrences of Acute and Secretory Otitis Media in Children: Randomised Placebo Controlled Trial”, British Medical Journal 322 (2001), 1–4.

39 Janet Raloff, “’Bug, Spray Cuts Risk of Ear Infection”, Science News, February 3, 2001; Lee Bowman, “Study Suggests Alternative to Antibiotics for Ear Infections”, Scripps Howard News Service, January 2001; Mary Ann Moon, “Microbial Nasal Spray Wards Off Recurrent Otitis”, Family Practice News, May 1, 2001; “A Nasal Spray to Prevent Otitis Media”, Hearing Journal, April 1, 2001.

40 Glenn Takata et al., “Evidence Assessment of Management of Acute Otitis Media: I. The Role of Antibiotics in Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Otitis Media”, Pediatrics 108 (2001), 239–247.

41 Интервью, взятые автором у Келли Карпы – профессора фармакологии из Медицинского колледжа Университета штата Пенсильвания. Ее книга “Бактерии на завтрак” – Kelly Karpa, Bacteria for Breakfast (Trafford Publishing, 2006) – рассказывает о тех мучениях, которые ей самой пришлось пережить в поисках средств от повторявшихся у ее шестилетнего сына тяжелых колитов, вызываемых C. difficile.

42 L. V. McFarland, “Meta-analysis of Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Disease”, American Journal of Gastroenterology 101 (2006), 812–822; Mario Guslandi, “Are Probiotics Effective for Treating Clostridium difficile Disease and Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea”, Nature Clinical Practice 3 (2006), 606–607.

43 “ViroPharma Licenses Rights to Develop Novel Therapeutic for Treatment of Clostridium difficile”, пресс-релиз компании от 27 февраля 2006 г.

44 См. часть 4, стр. 108–109.

45 R. W. Steele, “Recurrent Staphylococcal Infection in Families”, Archives of Dermatology 116 (1980), 189–190.

46 Интервью, взятые автором у Ричарда Халла, и переписка по электронной почте с января 2005 г. по ноябрь 2006 г.

47 Peter Andersson et al., “Persistence of Escherichia coli Bacteriuria Is Not Determined by Bacterial Adherence”, Infection and Immunity 59 (1991), 2915–2921; Richard Hull et al., “Virulence Properties of Escherichia coli 83972, a Prototype Strain Associated with Asymptomatic Bacteriuria”, Infection and Immunity 67 (1999), 429–432.

48 Richard Hull et al., “Urinary Tract Infection Prophylaxis Using Escherichia coli 83972 in Spinal Cord Injured Patients”, Journal of Urology 163 (2000), 872–877; Rabih Darouiche et al., “Pilot Trial of Bacterial Interference for Preventing Urinary Tract Infection”, Urology 58 (2001), 339–344.

49 B. W. Trautner et al., “Escherichia coli 83972 Inhibits Catheter Adherence by a Broad Spectrum of Uropathogens”, Urology 61 (2005), 1059–1062; Rabih Darouiche et al., “Bacterial Interference for Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection: A Prospective, Randomized Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Trial”, Clinical Infectious Diseases 41 (2005), 1531–1534. Более масштабное и продолжительное испытание должно завершиться в 2008 г.

50 Hull et al., “Virulence Properties of Escherichia coli 83972”; Richard Hull et al., “Role of Type 1 Fimbria- and P Fimbria-Specific Adherence in Colonization of the Neurogenic Human Bladder by Escherichia coli”, Infection and Immunity 70 (2002), 6481–6484.

51 Jeffrey Hillman, “Lactate Dehydrogenase Mutants of Streptococcus mutans : Isolation and Preliminary Characterization”, Infection and Immunity 21 (1978), 206–212.

52 R. J. Berkowitz, P. Jones, “Mouth-to-Mouth Transmission of the Bacterium Streptococcus mutans Between Mother and Child”, Archives of Oral Biology 30 (1985), 377–379.

53 Jeffrey Hillman et al., “Isolation of a Streptococcus mutans Strain Producing a Novel Bacteriocin”, Infection and Immunity 44 (1984), 141–144.

54 Jeffrey Hillman et al., “Colonization of the Human Oral Cavity by a Strain of Streptococcus mutans Mutant Producing Increased Bacteriocin”, Journal of Dental Research 66 (1987), 1092–1094.

55 Jeffrey Hillman et al., “Construction and Characterization of an Effector Strain of Streptococcus mutans for Replacement Therapy of Dental Caries”, Infection and Immunity 68 (2000), 543–549.

56 Интервью, взятое автором у Майкела Пеппеленбоса (Maikel Peppelenbosch) 1 февраля 2007 г.

57 Lothar Steidler et al., “Treatment of Murine Colitis by Eactococcus lactis Secreting Interleukin-10”, Science 5483 (2000), 1352–1355.