Елена Беликова - Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций

Fat factor

An enzyme abnormality has been discovered in the red blood cells of people who are overweight. It's the first clue that obe sity in humans may bе caused by a biochemical defect – not simply by overeating.

Researchers found that obese people have lower levels of a special enzyme that functions as a pump, transporting potassium and sodium in and out of cells. They suggest that with low levels of this pumping enzyme, less energy is used. Thus fewer calories are burned up as heat, while more are stored as fat.

New words

act – акт three – три

stage – стадия

first – начальный

voluntary control – добровольный контроль

soft – мягкий

mass – масса

mastication – перетирание

position – положение

root – корень

lingual muscles – языковые мускулы

second – секунда

brief – резюме

occupied – занятый

guiding – руководство

movements – движения

purely – просто

nature – природа

seized – захваченный

peristaltic – перистальтический

wave – волна

traveling – путешествие

along – вперед

before – прежде

cardiac sphincter – сердечный клапан

total – общее количество

amount – количество

iron – железо

varying – изменение

hemoglobin – гемоглобин

storage – хранение

myоglobin – миоглобин

fraction – фракция

together – вместе

body-weight – масса тела

Present Perfect Tense (действие, совершившееся в прошлом, связано с настоящим).

Спряжение глагола to write в Present Perfect Tense Таблица 13

Запомните типичные для Present Perfect обстоятельства: already, not yet, just, ever, never.

Сравните также:

I have bought a book today (this week, this month) – неистекший отрезок времени – Present Perfect.

I bought a book yesterday (last week, last month) – истекший отрезок времени – Past Simple.

Запомните также следующие предложения.

I have never been to France.

Have you ever been to London?

I haven't seen you for ages.

I haven't met him for a long time.

I haven't been to Moscow since last year.

В следующих предложениях измените время глагола на Present Perfect. Переведите предложения на русский язык

1. I am eating my breakfast.

2. We are drinking water.

3. He is bringing them some meat and veg etables.

4. You are putting the dishes on the table.

5. They are having tea.

6. She is taking the dirty plates from the table.

7. The children are putting on their coats.

8. The pupils are writing a dictation.

9. My friend is helping me to solve a difficult problem.

10. I am learning a poem.

11. She is telling them an interesting story.

12. Kate is sweeping the floor.

13. The waiter is putting a bottle of lemonade in front of him.

14. Susan is making a new dress for her birthday party.

15. She is open ing a box of chocolates.

16. They are writing a dictation.

17. I am drawing a picture.

18. She is cooking dinner.

19. We are dancing.

20. They are jumping.

Answer the questions.

1. Into how many stages is the act of swallowing divided?

2. Is the first stage under voluntary control?

3. What is the second stage in the act of swallowing?

4. Through what in the second stage the food is guiding?

5. What does the third stage in the act of swallowing involve?

6. How is the normal position of the empty human stomach?

7. How are shaped the majority of normal stomachs?

8. How can absorption be increased?

9. Who has normally lower stores of iron?

10. Where is iron lost mostly?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences). Find the verb to be in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way?

Liver, the pancreas and the kidneys are the organs primarily engaged in the intermediary metabolism of the materials resorbed from the gasro – intestinal tract and in the excretion of metabolic waste products. Of these 3 organs the liver performs the most diverse func tions. It acts as the receiving depot and distributing center for the majority of the products of intestinal digestion and plays a major role in the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and purines.

It controls the concentration of cholesterol esters in the blood and utilizes the sterol in the formation of bile acid. The liver takes in the regulation of the blood volume and in water metabolism and distribution. Its secretion, the bile, is necessary for fat diges tion.

The liver is a site for the formation of the proteins of the blood plasma, especially for fibrinogen, and also forms heparin, also forms heparin, carbohydrate which prevents the clotting of the blood. It has important detoxicating functions and guards the organism against toxins of in testinal origin as well as other harmful substances. The liver in its detoxicating functions and manifold metabolic activities may well be соnsidered the most important gland of the body.

New words

liver – печень

pancreas – поджелудочная железа

kidneys – почки

organ – орган

primarily – прежде всего

engaged – вовлеченный

intermediary – промежуточный

metabolism – метаболизм

gasro-intestinal tract – желудочно-кишечный тракт

excretion – выделение

waste – отходы

diverse – разнообразный

func tions – функции depot – отложение

digestion – переваривание

major role – главная роль

cholesterol – холестерин

esters – жиры

sterol – стерин

bile acid – желчная кислота

regulation – регулирование

fat diges tion – переваривание жиров

blood plasma – плазма крови

fibrinogen – фибриноген

clotting – тромб

origin – происхождение

heparin – гепатит

detoxicating functions – функции детоксикации

toxins – токсины

manifold – разнообразный

gland of the body – железа тела

Спряжение глагола to write в Past Perfect Tense Таблица 15

Поставьте глаголы в Past Simple и Past Perfect.

1. When I (to come) home, mother already (to cook) dinner.

2. When father (to return) from work, we already (to do) our homework.

3. When the teacher (to enter) the classroom, the pupils already (to open) their books.

4. Kate (to give) me the book which she (to buy) the day before.

5. Nick (to show) the teacher the picture which he (to draw).

6. The boy (to give) the goats the grass which he (to bring) from the field.

7. Mother (to see) that Nick (not to wash) his hands.

8. The teacher (to understand) that Marina (not to do) her homework.

9. I (to know) that my friend (not yet to come).

10. Tom (to return) from the cinema at five o'clock.

11. Tom (to t return) from the cinema by five o'clock.

12. I (to finish) my homework at seven o'clock.

13. I (to finish) my homework by seven o'clock.

14. He (to think) that he (to lose) the money.

15. Ann (to tell) me that she (to see) an interesting film.

16. When I (to wake) up yesterday, father already (to go) to work.

17. Nick (to think) that his father (not yet to come) home.

18. Mary (to tell) us that she (to cook) a good dinner.

19. Yesterday I (to find) the book which I (to lose) in summer.

20. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).

Answer the questions.

1. Which organs are primarily engaged in the intermediary metabolism?

2. Which of 3 organs perform the most diverse functions?

3. How does it act?

4. Which role does liver play?

5. What does it control?

6. Where the cholesterol esters are concentrated?

7. What the bile is necessary for?

8. What does liver utilize?

9. What prevents the clotting of the blood?

10. What is the most important gland of the body?

Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).

Find the Present Simple Tense in the text. Explain why it is used in such a way?

Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово, которое немного отличается от других по смыслу):

1) a) liver; b) jam; c) kidney;

2) a) pancreas; b)organ; c) winter;

3) a) summer; b) blood; c) vein;

4) a) cholesterol; b) ice; c) bile;

5) a) clotting; b) snow; c) vessel.

The urinary system, consisting of the kidneys, bladder, and excretory ducts (ureters and urethra) is formed mainly from mesodermal and endodermal derivatives with a smaller con tribution from the ectoderm. Three separate systems form sequentially. The pronephros is vestigial; the mesonephros may function transiently, but then mainly disappears; the metanephros develops into the definitive kidney. The pronephric/ mesonephric ducts provide important contribu tions to the male reproductive system. The permanent excre tory ducts are derived from the metanephric ducts, the uro-genital sinus, and surface ectoderm.

Renal development is characterized by three successive, slightly over lapping kidney systems.

Pronephros: Segmented nephrotomes appear in the cervical intermediate mesoderm of the embryo in the fourth week. These structures grow laterally and canalize to form nephric tubules. Successive tubules grow caudally and unite to form the pronephric duct, which empties into the cloaca. The first tubules formed regress before the last ones are formed. By the end of the fourth week, the pronephros disappears.

Mesonephros: In the fifth week, the mesonephros appears as «S-shaped» tubules in the intermediate mesoderm of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the embryo.

The medial end of each tubule enlarges to form a Bowman's capsule into which a tuft of capillaries, or glomerulus, invaginates.

The lateral end of each tubule opens into the mesonephriс (Wolffi-an) duct, an intermediate mesoderm derivative.

Mesonephric tubules function temporarily and degenerate by the beginning of the third month. The mesonephric duct pesists in the male as the ductus epididymidis, ductus deferens, and the ejaculatory duct.