Бен Голдакр - Обман в науке

196 ‘Еще одно исследование’: Chigwedere P., Seage G.R., Gruskin S., Lee Т.Н., Essex M. Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa // Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008. № 49 (4) (1 December). P. 410–415.

197 ‘представил картину’: http://www.villagev0ice.e0m/2000- 07–04/news/debating-the-obvious /

209 ‘Исходя из современных данных’: http://clinicalevidence. bmj.com/ceweb/about/knowledge.jsp

210 ‘исследования из реального мира’: The classic general medicine reference for this is Ellis J., Mulligan I., Rowe J., Sackett D.L. Inpatient general medicine is evidence based. А-Team, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine // Lancet. 1995. № 346 (8972) (12 August). P. 407–410.

211 ‘все эти исследования’: Mayor S. Audit identifies the most read BMJ research papers. BMJ (2007); 334:554-5; Hippisley-Cox J., Coupland C. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients taking cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors or conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatoiy drugs: population based nested case-control analysis // BMJ. 2005. № 330. P. 1366; Gunnell J., Saperia J., Ashby D. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and suicide in adults: meta-analysis of drug company data from placebo controlled, randomised controlled trials submitted to the MHRA’s safety review // BMJ. 2005. № 330. P. 385; Fergusson D. et al. Association between suicide attempts and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: systematic review of randomised controlled trials // BMJ. 2005. № 330. P. 396.

215 ‘целые области оказываются без внимания’: Iribame А. Orphan diseases and adoptive initiatives // JAMA. 2003. № 290. P. 116. Francisco A. Drug development for neglected diseases // Lancet. 2002. № 360. P. 1102.

218 ‘Если вы посмотрите примечания’: Safer D.J. Design and reporting modifications in industry-sponsored comparative psychopharmacology trials // J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2002. № 190. P. 583–592.

218 ‘различные исследования показали’: Modell et al. (1997); Montejo-Gonzalez et al. (1997); Zajecka et al. (1999); Preskom (1997): in Safer, ibid.

220 ‘Если разница’: Pocock S.J. When (not) to stop a clinical trial for benefit // JAMA. 2005. № 294. P. 2228–2230.

222 ‘систематический обзор’: Lexchin J., Вето L.A., Djulbegovic

В., Clark О. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality // BMJ. 2003. № 326. P. 1167–1170.

222 ‘Один обзор тенденциозных исследований’: Rochon РА., Gurwitz J.H., Simms R.W., Fortin P.R., Felson D.T., Minaker K.L., Chalmers T.C. A study of manufacturer-supported trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of arthritis // Arch. Intern. Med. 1994. № 154 (2) (24 January). P. 157–163.

222 ‘исследовались методологические недостатки’: Lexchin J., Bero L.A., Djulbegovic B., Clark O. Pharmaceutical industry sponsorship and research outcome and quality: systematic review // BMJ. 2003. № 326 (7400) (31 May). P. 1167–1170.

224 ‘B 1995 году только’: Schmidt К., Pittler M.H., Ernst E. Bias in alternative medicine is still rife but is diminishing // BMJ. № 323 C7320) (3 November 2001). P. 1071.

224 ‘Обзор 1998 года’: Vickers A., Goyal N., Harland R., Rees R. Do certain countries produce only positive results? A systematic review of controlled trials // Control. Clin. Trials. № 19 (2) (April 1998). P. 159–166.

226 ‘одна статья обнаружила’: Dubben H., Beck-Bornholdt H. Systematic review of publication bias in studies on publication bias // BMJ. 2005. № 331. P. 433–434.

226 ‘опубликовала статью’: Turner E.H., Matthews A.M., Linardatos E., Tell R.A., Rosenthal R. Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy // N. Eng. J. Med. 2008. № 358 (3) (17 January). P. 252–260.

227 ‘Классическое детективное расследование’: Tramer M.R., Reynolds D.J.M., Moore R.A., McQuay H. J. Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-analysis: a case study // BMJ. 1997. № 315. P. 635–640.

228 ‘Когда мы провели наше исследование’: Cowley A.J. et al. // Int. Joum. Card. 1993. № 40. P. 161–166.

229 ‘трех самых читаемых статьях’: Audit identifies the most read BMJ research papers // BMJ. № 334 (17 March 2007). P- 554–555.

230 ‘Это позор’: ScolnickE.M. Email communication to Deborah Shapiro, Alise Reicin and Alan Nies re: Vigor. 9 March 2000. Доступно на: http://www.vioxxdocuments.com/ Documents/Krumholz_Vioxx/Scolnick2000.pdf

230 ‘Медицинский журнал Новой Англии’: Curfman G.D., Morrissey S., Drazen J.M. Expression of concern reaffirmed // NEJM. № 354 (11) (16 March 2006). P. 1193.

231 ‘американская компания’: Gottlieb S. Firm tried to block report on failure of AIDS vaccine // BMJ. 2000. № 321. P. 1173.

232 ‘Фармацевтическая компания’: Nathan D., Weatherall D. Academia and industry: lessons from the unfortunate events in Toronto // Lancet. № 353 (9155)- P- 771–772.

233 ‘Эти рекламные ролики’: Gilbody et al. Benefits and harms of direct to consumer advertising: a systematic review // Qual. Saf. Health Care. 2005. № 14. P. 246–250; http://qshc.bmj. com/cgi/content/full/14/4/246

239 ‘Ник Дэвис’: Davies N. Flat Earth News. Chatto amp; Windus, 2008.

247 ‘Исследовательский проект по курению’: Proctor R.N. Schairer and Schoniger’s forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity // Int. J. Epidemiol. № 30. P. 31–34-

248 ‘Джоном Иоаннидисом’: Ioannidis J.P.A. Why most published research findings are false // PLoS Med. 2005. № 2 (8). P. ei24.

255 ‘классическом эксперименте’: Gilovich Т., Vallone R., Tversky A. The hot hand in basketball: on the misperception of random sequences // Cog. Psych. 1985. № 17. P. 295–314. 257 ‘еще в одном оригинальном эксперименте’: Schaffner Р.Е. Specious learning about reward and punishment // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1985.48 (6) (June). P. 1377–1386.

259 ‘В одном эксперименте’: Snyder М., Cantor N. Testing hypotheses about other people: the use of historical knowledge // J. Exp. Soc. Psych. 1979. № 15. P. 330–342.

260 ‘Классическая демонстрация’: Lord C.G., Ross L., Lepper M.R. Biased assimilation and attitude polarisation: the effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1979. № 37. P. 2098–2109.

262 ‘В одном из них’: Tversky A., Kahneman D. Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability // Cog. Psych. 1973. № 5. P. 207–232.

264 ‘эксперимента Аша’: Asch S.E. Opinions and social pressure // Sci. Am. 1955. № 193. P. 31–35-

266 ‘поведение спортивных команд’: Frank M.G., Gilovich T. The dark side of self- and social-perception: black uniforms and aggression in professional sports // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1988. № 54 (1) (January). P. 74–85.

266 ‘Небезопасно’: Эксперименты, описанные в этой главе, и многие другие можно Найти в книгах Irrationality, Stuart Sutherland и How WeKnow What Isn’t So, Thomas Gilovich.

267 ‘Допустим, что риск’: Gigerenzer G. Reckoning with Risk. Penguin, 2003.

267 ‘Естественная частота’: Butterworth et al. Statistics: what seems natural? Science (4 May 2001): 853.

268 ‘Другие методы’: Hoffrage U., Lindsey S., Hertwig R., Gigerenzer G. Communicating statistical information // Science. 2000. № 290 (5500) (22 December). P. 2261–2262.

268 ‘есть исследования’: Hoffrage U., Gigerenzer G. Using natural frequencies to improve diagnostic inferences // Acad. Med. 1998. № 73. P. 538–540.

280 ‘тот же самый тест’: Gigerenzer G. Adaptive Thinking: Rationality in the Real World. Oxford University Press, 2000.

281 ‘Давайте свяжем это с насилием’: Szmukler G. Risk assessment: ‘numbers’ and ‘values’ // Psych. Bull. 2003. № 27. P. 205–207.

284 ‘некоторые статистические данные’: www.qurl.com/lucia

289 ‘Статья известного микробиолога’: Manning N., Wilson А.Р., Ridgway G.L. Isolation of MRSA from communal areas in a teaching hospital // J. Hosp. Infect. 2.004 (March). № 56 (3). P- 250–251.

295 ‘Крюгер и Даннинг’: Kruger J., Dunning D. Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments’ // J. Pers. Soc. Psych. 1999. № 77; 6. P. 121–134.

296 ‘B 1957 году’: Brynner R., Stephens T.D. Dark Remedy: The Impact of Thalidomide and its Revival as a Vital Medicine. Perseus Books, 2001.

296 ‘Филипп Найтли’: Excerpted in Pilger J. (ed.). Tell me no Lies. Cape, 2004.

297 ‘Много лет спустя’: Thalidomide hero found guilty of scientific fraud // New Scientist. 1993 (27 February).

305 ‘Были исследованы 12 детей’: Wakefield A.J., Murch S.H., Anthony A. et al. Ileallymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, nonspecific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children // Lancet. 1998. № 351 (9103). P. 637–641.

307 ‘одна из немногих’: e.g. Chess S. Autism in children with congenital rubella // J. Autism. Child. Schizophr. 1971. № 1 (1) (Januaiy-March). P. 33–47.

307 ‘расследуется’: http://briandeer.com/wakefield/vaccine- patent.htm

309 ‘включая работников BBC’: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/7392510.stm

315 ‘согласно опросу’: Schmidt К., Ernst Е., Andrews. Survey shows that some homoeopaths and chiropractors advise against MMR // BMJ. 2002. № 325 (7364) (14 September). P. 597.

316 ‘32 %’: Hargreaves I., Lewis J., Speers T. Towards a better map: science, the public and the media // Economic and Social Research Council. 2003. http://www.esrc.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/ Images/Mapdocfinal_tcm6-5505.pdf

316 ‘максимального освещения’: Boyce T. Health, Risk and News: The MMR Vaccine and the Media. Peter Lang Publishing Inc., 2007.

317 ‘опубликовал статью’: Ibid.

317 ‘ни одна’: Durant J., Lindsey N. GM foods and the media. Select Committee on Science and Technology, Third Report, Appendix 5; www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ ldsctech/38/3810.htm