Таша Эйрих - Инсайт

“Study shows link between self-awareness and company financial performance,” Korn Ferry Institute, June 15, 2015, http://www.kornferry.com/press/korn-ferry-institute-study-shows-linkbetween-self-awareness-and-company-fnancial-performance/.

PDI Ninth House. “You’re not all that: Self-promoters six times more likely to derail,” prnewswire.com, April 17, 2012, http://­www.prnewswire.com/­news-releases/­youre-not-all-that-selfpromoters-six-times-more-likely-to-derail-according-to-pdi-ninth-houseand-university-of-minnesota-study-147742375.html.

David Dunning. “On identifying human capital: Flawed knowledge leads to faulty judgments of expertise by individuals and groups.” Advances in Group Processes. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015, pp. 149–176.

Ulrike Malmendier and Geoffrey Tate. “CEO overconfidence and corporate investment.” Journal of Finance 60.6 (2005): 2661–2700.

Fabio Sala. “Executive blind spots: Discrepancies between self-and other-ratings.” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 55.4 (2003): 222–229.

Cheri Ostroff, Leanne E. Atwater, and Barbara J. Feinberg. “Understanding self-other agreement: A look at rater and ratee characteristics, context, and outcomes.” Personnel Psychology 57.2 (2004): 333–375.

По некоторым данным, в общем случае мы более точно оцениваем себя в возрасте от 25 до 35 лет, но эта точность снижается в возрасте от 35 до 45 лет. Кроме того, поразительно, что, в отличие от студентов, изучающих естествознание, социологию и гуманитарные науки, студенты бизнес-факультетов сильнее всего завышали свою самооценку относительно объективной эффективности. Phillip L. Ackerman, Margaret E. Beier, and Kristy R. Bowen. “What we really know about our abilities and our knowledge.” Personality and Individual Differences 33 (2002): 587–605.

John W. Fleenor, et al. “Self-other rating agreement in leadership: A review.” The Leadership Quarterly 21.6 (2010): 1005–1034.

Margaret Diddams and Glenna C. Chang. “Only human: Exploring the nature of weakness in authentic leadership.” The Leadership Quarterly 23.3 (2012): 593–603.

Alison Boulton. “Power corrupts but it also plays with your mind: Lloyd George, Chamberlain, and Thatcher all suffered from ‘hubris syndrome,’” independent.co.uk, September 21, 2013, http://­www.independent.co.uk/­life-style/­health-and-families/­healthnews/­power-corrupts-but-it-also-plays-with-your-mind-lloyd-georgechamberlain-and-thatcher-all-suffered-8831839.html.

Rachel M. Hayes and Scott Schaefer. “CEO pay and the Lake Wobegon effect.” Journal of Financial Economics 94.2 (2009): 280–290.

Per F. Gjerde, Miyoko Onishi, and Kevin S. Carlson. “Personality characteristics associated with romantic attachment: A comparison of interview and self-report methodologies.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30.11 (2004): 1402–1415.

Gary Wolf. “The data-driven life,” The New York Times Magazine, April 28, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/magazine/02self-measurement-t.html?_r=0.

Greenwald & Associates, Inc. Parents, youth, and money: Executive summary. 2001, https://www.ebri.org/surveys/pym-es.pdf.

Результаты этого исследования, проводившегося в 1976 году (когда представители послевоенного поколения учились в колледжах), свидетельствуют о том, что представители поколения миллениалов не были первыми в этой закономерности! И я, будучи представительницей этого поколения, совершенно объективно заявляю об этом.

College Board. Student descriptive questionnaire. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. 1976–1977.

Mark D. Alicke, et al. “Personal contact, individuation, and the better-than-average effect.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68.5 (1995): 804–825.

Justin Kruger and David Dunning. “Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77.6 (1999): 1121–1134.

E. Kunkel. “On the relationship between estimate of ability and driver qualification.” Psychologie und Praxis (1971).

Beth A. Lindsey and Megan L. Nagel. “Do students know what they know? Exploring the accuracy of students’ self-assessments.” Physical Review Special Topics — Physics Education Research 11.2 (2015): 020103; Douglas J. Hacker, et al. “Test prediction and performance in a classroom context.” Journal of Educational Psychology 92.1 (2000): 160–170.

Daniel E. Haun, et al. “Assessing the competence of specimen-processing personnel.” Laboratory Medicine 31.11 (2000): 633–637.

Joyce Ehrlinger, et al. “Why the unskilled are unaware: Further explorations of (absent) self-insight among the incompetent.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 105.1 (2008): 98–121.

David Dunning. “We are all confident idiots,” psmag.com, October 27, 2014, http://­www.psmag.com/­health-and-behavior/­confdent-idiots-92793.

Oliver J. Sheldon, David Dunning, and Daniel R. Ames. “Emotionally unskilled, unaware, and uninterested in learning more: Reactions to feedback about deficits in emotional intelligence.” Journal of Applied Psychology 99.1 (2014): 125–137.

Michael Lewis, et al. “Self development and self-conscious emotions.” Child Development (1989): 146–156.

Susan Harter. The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective. Guilford Press, 1999, p. 318.

Susan Harter. The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective. Guilford Press, 1999, p. 318.

Этот вывод основан на результатах наших исследований по теме самоосознания. См. также: Andreas Demetriou and Karin Bakracevic. “Reasoning and self-awareness from adolescence to middle age: Organization and development as a function of education.” Learning and Individual Differences 19.2 (2009): 181–194.

Информация для любителей статистики: мы установили, что коэффициент корреляции между возрастом и внутренним самоосознанием составляет всего 0,16, а в случае внешнего самоосознания равен 0,05.

Constantine Sedikides, et al. “Behind bars but above the bar: Prisoners consider themselves more prosocial than nonprisoners.” British Journal of Social Psychology 53.2 (2014): 396–403, p. 400.

David Dunning, et al. “Why people fail to recognize their own incompetence.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 12.3 (2003): 83–87.

Ira Stoll. “How the experts struck out on World Series baseball,” nysun.com, October 28, 2013, http://www.nysun.com/national/how-the-experts-struck-out-on-world-series/88471/.

S. Atir, E. Rosenzweig, and D. Dunning. “When knowledge knows no bounds: self-perceived expertise predicts claims of impossible knowledge.” Psychological Science 26.8 (2015): 1295–1303.

Berndt Brehmer. “In one word: Not from experience.” Acta Psychologica 45.1 (1980): 223–241.

В своей книге на эту тему «Думай медленно… Решай быстро» (М.: АСТ, Neoclassic, 2017) Дэниел Канеман называет эти процессы «думать быстро» и «думать медленно» соответственно.

Daniel Kahneman. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Macmillan, 2011, p. 99. (Канеман Д. Думай медленно… решай быстро. М.: АСТ, 2013.

Norbert Schwarz. “Stimmung als Information: Untersuchungen zum Einflufs von Stimmungen auf die Bewertung des eigenen Lebens” [Mood as information: The influence of moods and emotions on evaluative judgments]. Psychologische Rundschau 39 (1987): 148–159.

Fritz Strack, Leonard L. Martin, and Norbert Schwarz. “Priming and communication: Social determinants of information use in judgments of life satisfaction.” European Journal of Social Psychology 18.5 (1988): 429–442.

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Wilhelm Hofmann, Tobias Gschwendner, and Manfred Schmitt. “The road to the unconscious self not taken: Discrepancies between self- and observer-inferences about implicit dispositions from nonverbal behavioural cues.” European Journal of Personality 23.4 (2009): 343–366.

Chris Argyris. Teaching Smart People How to Learn. Harvard Business Review Press, 2008.

Peter F. Drucker. “Managing oneself.” Harvard Business Review 83.1 (2005): 100–109.

Justin Kruger and David Dunning. “Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77.6 (1999): 1121. См. также D. Ryvkin, M. Krajč, and A. Ortmann. “Are the unskilled doomed to remain unaware?” Journal of Economic Psychology 33.5 (2012): 1012–1031.

Bob Sutton. “Great Piece on Narcissistic CEOs in The New York Times,” Work Matters blog, March 7, 2012, http://bobsutton.typepad.com/my_weblog/2012/03/great-piece-on-narcissistic-ceos-in-the-new-york-times.html.

Благодарю своих друзей Майка Геррона и Чака Блейкмена за эту мысль.

Дэниел Бурстин (1914–2006) — американский историк и публицист. Прим. ред. .

Джеймс Ван Дер Бик (р. 1977) — американский актер, наиболее известный по роли Доусона Лири в сериале «Бухта Доусона». Прим. пер. .