Джон Тирни - Эффект негативности. Как способность замечать плохое трансформирует нашу реальность

56 Айлет Гнизи продемонстрировала: A. Gneezy and N. Epley, «Worth Keeping but Not Exceeding: Asymmetric Consequences of Breaking Versus Exceeding Promises,» Social Psychological and Personality Science 5 (2014): 796–804.

57 десятках стран: D. P. Schmitt, A. Realo, M. Voracek, and J. Allik, «Why Can’t a Man Be More Like a Woman? Sex Differences in Big Five Personality Traits Across 55 Cultures,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94 (2008): 168–82.

57 демонстрируют лица:L. M. Williams et al., «Explicit Identification and Implicit Recognition of Facial Emotions: I. Age Effects in Males and Females Across 10 Decades,» Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 31 (2009): 257–77.

59 фундаментальную ошибку атрибуции: D. T. Gilbert and P. S. Malone, «The Correspondence Bias,» Psychological Bulletin 117 (1995): 21–38.

59 ошибка имеет место: B. F. Malle, «The Actor-Observer Asymmetry in Attribution: A (Surprising) Meta-analysis,» Psychological Bulletin 132 (2006): 895–919.

60 «стилю атрибуции»B. R. Karney and T. N. Bradbury, «Attributions in Marriage: State or Trait? A Growth Curve Analysis,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2000): 295–309.

60 «брачный прием»: E. J. Finkel, E. B. Slotter, L. B. Luchies, G. M. Walton, and J. J. Gross, «A Brief Intervention to Promote Conflict Reappraisal Preserves Marital Quality over Time,» Psychological Science 24 (2013): 1595–601.

61 мозг влюбленных: X. Xu et al., «Regional Brain Activity During Early-Stage Intense Romantic Love Predicted Relationship Outcomes After 40 Months: An fMRI Assessment,» Neuroscience Letters 526 (2012): 33–38, and B. P. Acevedo, A. Aron, H. E. Fisher, and L. L. Brown, «Neural Correlates of Marital Satisfaction and Well-Being: Reward, Empathy, and Affect,» Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation 9 (2012): 20–31.

62 поэт Уильям Блейк: W. Blake, The Poetical Works of William Blake, ed. John Sampson (London: Oxford University Press, 1908); https://www.bartleby.com/235/154.html.

62 иллюзии пар: S. L. Murray, J. G. Holmes, and D. W. Griffin, «The Benefits of Positive Illusions: Idealization and the Construction of Satisfaction in Close Relationships,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (1996): 79–98.

63 Гинсбург передала этот совет:K. J. Sullivan, «U.S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Talks About a Meaningful Life,» Stanford News, February 6, 2017, https://news.stanford.edu/2017/02/06/supreme-court-associate-justice-ginsburg-talks-meaningful-life/.

64 игра «Диктатор»: B. Keysar, B. A. Converse, J. Wang, and N. Epley, «Reciprocity Is Not Give and Take: Asymmetric Reciprocity to Positive and Negative Acts,» Psychological Science 19 (2008): 1280–86, https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–9280.2008.02223.x.

67 Феликс Баумгартнер решился:Отчет о проекте сверхзвукового прыжка взят из интервью с Феликсом Баумгартнером, Майком Жерве, Артом Томпсоном, Джо Киттингером, и другими членами The Red Bull Stratos Team, а также другими записями Тьерни во время проекта. См. J. Tierney, «Daredevil Sets Sight on a 22-Mile Fall,» New York Times, October 8, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/09/science/fearless-felix-baumgartner-to-try-to-become-first-sky-diver-to-break-sound-barrier.html, and J. Tierney, «A Supersonic Jump, from 23 Miles in the Air,» New York Times, March 15, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/16/science/16tier.html.

70 три главные системы, предупреждающие об угрозе: K. J. Flannelly, H. G. Koenig, K. Galek, and C. G. Ellison, «Beliefs, Mental Health, and Evolutionary Threat Assessment Systems in the Brain,» Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 195 (2007): 996–1003.

71 остальная часть мозга: M. Diano, A. Celeghin, A. Bagnis, and M. Tamietto, «Amygdala Response to Emotional Stimuli Without Awareness: Facts and Interpretations,» Frontiers in Psychology 7 (2017): 2029, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02029.

71 быстрее повернутся: V. LoBue and J. S. DeLoache, «Superior Detection of Threat-Relevant Stimuli in Infancy,» Developmental Science 13 (2010): 221–28, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–7687.2009.00872.x.

71 в возрасте пяти лет: V. LoBue, «More Than Just Another Face in the Crowd: Superior Detection of Threatening Facial Expressions in Young Children and Adults,» Developmental Science 12 (2009): 305–13, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467–7687.2008.00767.x.

71 мозг дольше фокусируется:G. W. Alpers and P. Pauli, «Emotional Pictures Predominate in Binocular Rivalry,» Cognition and Emotion 20 (2006): 596–607, and R. L. Bannerman, M. Milders, B. de Gelder, and A. Sahraie, «Influence of Emotional Facial Expressions on Binocular Rivalry,» Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics 28 (2008): 317–26.

72 в одном таком эксперименте:E. Anderson, E. H. Siegel, E. Bliss-Moreau, and L. F. Barrett, «The Visual Impact of Gossip,» Science 332 (2011): 1446–48.

72 тестом «Струпа»:F. Pratto and O. P. John, «Automatic Vigilance: The Attention-Grabbing Power of Negative Social Information,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (1991): 380–91.

72 рефлекс «отпрянуть»:G. J. Norman et al., «Current Emotion Research in Psychophysiology: The Neurobiology of Evaluative Bivalence,» Emotion Review 3 (2011): 349–59, https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073911402403.

73 Чтобы проверить гибкость:W. A. Cunningham, J. J. Van Bavel, and I. Johnsen Haas, «Affective Flexibility: Evaluative Processing Goals Shape Amygdala Activity,» Psychological Science 19 (2008): 152–60.

73 миндалевидное тело продолжает искать: M. W. Schlund and M. F. Cataldo, «Amygdala Involvement in Human Avoidance, Escape and Approach Behavior,» Neuroimage 53 (2010): 769–76.

74 нарушением работы миндалевидного тела: J. A. Weller, I. P. Levin, B. Shiv, and A. Bechara, «Neural Correlates of Adaptive Decision Making for Risky Gains and Losses,» Psychological Science 18 (2007): 958–64.

75 из двух игровых карт:T. D. Satterthwaite et al., «Dissociable but Inter-related Systems of Cognitive Control and Reward During Decision Making: Evidence from Pupillometry and Event-Related fMRI,» Neuroimage 37 (2007): 1017–31.

75 боятся неосознанно: G. Hochman and E. Yechiam, «Loss Aversion in the Eye and in the Heart: The Autonomic Nervous System’s Responses to Losses,» Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 24 (2011): 140–56.

78 создавали «позитивные иллюзии»:S. E. Taylor, M. E. Kemeny, G. M. Reed, J. E. Bower, and T. L. Gruenewald, «Psychological Resources, Positive Illusions, and Health,» American Psychologist 55 (2000): 99–109, and S. E. Taylor, «Adjustment to Threatening Events: A Theory of Cognitive Adaptation,» American Psychologist 38 (1983): 1161–73.

78 мобилизация и минимизация: S. E. Taylor, «Asymmetrical Effects of Positive and Negative Events: The Mobilization-Minimization Hypothesis,» Psychological Bulletin 110 (1991): 67–85.

81 в лечении депрессии: R. J. DeRubeis, G. J. Siegle, and S. D. Hollon, «Cognitive Therapy Versus Medication for Depression: Treatment Outcomes and Neural Mechanisms,» Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9 (2008): 788–96.

81 изучался так тщательно: A. C. Butler, J. E. Chapman, E. M. Forman, and A. T. Beck, «The Empirical Status of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses,» Clinical Psychology Review 26 (2006): 17–31, and B. O. Olatunji, J. M. Cisler, and B. J. Deacon, «Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Review of Meta-analytic Findings,» Psychiatric Clinics of North America 33 (2010): 557–77.

81 ряд проблем: Academy of Cognitive Therapy, «CBT Outcome Studies,» https://www.academyofct.org/page/OutcomeStudies.

81 депрессия, тревожность, и другие нарушения:C. Otte, «Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Anxiety Disorders: Current State of the Evidence,» Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 13 (2011): 413–21, and C. K. Higa-McMillan, S. E. Francis, L. Rith-Najarian, and B. F. Chorpita, «Evidence Base Update: 50 Years of Research on Treatment for Child and Adolescent Anxiety,» Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 45 (2016): 91–113.

82 «позитивных утверждений»: D. Roditi, M. E. Robinson, and N. Litwins, «Effects of Coping Statements on Experimental Pain in Chronic Pain Patients,» Journal of Pain Research 2 (2009): 109–16, and F. D. Glogower, W. J. Fremouw, and J. C. McCroskey, «A Component Analysis of Cognitive Restructuring,» Cognitive Therapy and Research 2 (1978): 209–23.

82 из-за расслабления: H. Benson and M. Z. Klipper, The Relaxation Response (New York: William Morrow, 1975).

84 делимся информацией: W. Walker, J. J. Skowronski, J. A. Gibbons, R. J. Vogl, and T. D. Ritchie, «Why People Rehearse Their Memories: Frequency of Use and Relations to the Intensity of Emotions Associated with Autobiographical Memories,» Memory 17 (2009): 760–73.

85 монахи и практиканты: R. Jevning, R. K. Wallace, and M. Beidebach, «The Physiology of Meditation: A Review,» Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 16 (1992): 415–24, and A. Hankey, «Studies of Advanced Stages of Meditation in the Tibetan Buddhist and Vedic Traditions,» Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3 (2006): 513–21.

85 кровяное давление падает:S. L. Ooi, M. Giovino, and S. C. Pak, «Transcendental Meditation for Lowering Blood Pressure: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses,» Complementary Therapies in Medicine 34 (2017): 26–34.

86 большой потенциал: B. Carey, «The Therapist May See You Anytime, Anywhere,» New York Times, February 13, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/14/health/feeling-anxious-soon-there-will-be-an-app-for-that.html?_r=0.

86 приложения для смартфона: P. M. Enock, S. G. Hofmann, and R. J. McNally, «Attention Bias Modification Training via Smartphone to Reduce Social Anxiety: A Randomized, Controlled Multi-session Experiment,» Cognitive Therapy and Research 38 (2014): 200–216, and R. Yang et al., «Effects of Cognitive Bias Modification Training via Smartphones,» Frontiers in Psychology 8 (2017): 1370.