Ольга Кравцова - Английский язык для специальных и академических целей: Международные отношения и зарубежное регионоведение. Часть 1

Monnet once gave an explanation for Britain's predicament. ‘I never understood why the British did not join,' he said. ‘I came to the conclusion that it must have been because it was the price of victory — the illusion that you could maintain what you had, without change.' The Second World War also cut a much deeper cultural scar on the nation. In 1949, when British diplomats debated a future in Europe, one Labour minister was unequivocal: ‘Anti-European feeling is a commonplace of British thought. Everyone has relatives in the US and Canada. Most have no one in Europe except the dead of two wars.' Sixty years later that sentiment may no longer be entirely correct, but it remains powerful and may have been revalidated by failed diplomacy. Unless we understand why imagery from the Second World War has been used in Britain over Cameron's veto — the PM showed ‘bulldog spirit' — and why this latest spat 55 55 Vituperative — full of angry and cruel criticism 56 56 Spat — a brief quarrel between Britain and Europe is more atypical than many think — the untold story is more about co-operation than conflict — the relationship between the British and their European partners will be imprisoned in the past.

1. The Franco-German Armistice of June 22, 1940, divided France into two zones: one to be underGerman military occupation and one to be left to the French in full sovereignty, at least nominally. The unoccupied zone comprised the southeastern two-fifths of the country, from the Swiss frontier near Geneva to a point 12 miles (19 km) east of Tours and thence southwest to the Spanish frontier, 30 miles (48 km) from the Bay of Biscay.

2. Philippe Petain, in full Henri-Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Petain (born April 24, 1856, Cau-chy-a-la-Tour, France — died July 23, 1951, Ile d'Yeu), French general who was a national hero for his victory at the Battle of Verdun in World War I but was discredited as chief of state of the French government at Vichy in World War II. He died under sentence in a prison fortress.

3. The Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950 was a governmental proposal by then-French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to create a new form of organisation of states in Europe called a supranational community. Following the experiences of two world wars, France concluded that certain values such as justice could not be defined by the State apparatus alone. It involved far more than a technical Community to place the coal and steel industries of France, West Germany and other countries under a common High Authority. It led to the re-organization of post- World War western Europe by treaty. The proposal led first to the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). It was also the forerunner of several other European Communities and also what is now the European Union (EU). The event is commemorated annually as Europe Day and Schuman himself is considered one of the Founding fathers of the European Union.

4. Richard Austen Butler, Baron Butler of Saffron Walden, (9 December 1902 — 8 March 1982), generally known as R. A. Butler and familiarly known as Rab, was a British Conservative politician. Butler was one of only two British politicians (the other being John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon) to have served in three of the four Great Offices of State (Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary) but never to have been the Prime Minister, for which he was twice passed over.

Unit III. EU at the Crossroads

5. Maurice Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton, OM, PC, FRS 57 57 There is the old joke about British reports of ‘Fog in the Channel — Continent cut off.' 58 58 ... Angela Merkel and Nicolas Sarkozy tried to pump blood into the collapsing veins of the euro ... (10 February 1894 — 29 December 1986) was a British Conservative politician and statesman who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 10 January 1957 to 18 October 1963. Macmillan worked with states outside the European Economic Community (EEC) to form the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), which from 3 May 1960 established a free-trade area. Macmillan also saw the value of rapprochement with the EEC, to which his government sought belated entry, but Britain's application was vetoed by French president Charles de Gaulle on 29 January 1963. De Gaulle was always strongly opposed to British entry for many reasons. He sensed the British were inevitably closely linked to the Americans. He saw the EEC as a continental arrangement primarily between France and Germany, and if Britain joined France's role would diminish.

6. Sir Edward Richard George Heath, (9 July 1916 — 17 July 2005) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from June 1970 to February 1974 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975. Heath became Prime Minister after winning the 1970 election. In 1971, Heath oversaw the decimalisation of British coinage and in 1972, he implemented major reform to the UK's system of local government; these included a reduction in the number of local authorities across Britain as well as the creation of a number of new metropolitan counties. Possibly most significantly, Heath took the UK into the European Economic Community in 1973. Heath's Premiership also oversaw the height of The Troubles in Northern Ireland, with the suspension of the Stormont Parliament and the imposition of direct British rule. Unofficial talks with IRA delegates were unsuccessful, as was the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973, which caused the Ulster Unionist Party to withdraw from the Conservative whip.

7. James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, (11 March 1916 — 24 May 1995) was a British Labour Party politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1976. He won four general elections, and is the most recent British Prime Minister to have served non-consecutive terms.

3. ... eating partly digestible humble pie ...

4. ... he stated that Britain was 'insular' and 'maritime.,

5. ‘You're either at the table or you're on the menu.'

6. The British have always wanted to be at the table.

7. Britain's European policy, though short on supranationality . was purposeful.

8. . the PM showed 'bulldog spirit' .

Unit III. EU at the Crossroads

1. How old is the idea of a united Europe?

2. When and by whom were the foundations of the EU laid?

3. Why was the UK unwilling to join the Coal and Steel Union established after World War II?

4. What were the economic and political reasons behind Britain's subsequent decision to seek EEC membership?

5. Why did it take Britain about twenty years to become a member of the EEC?

6. Has Britain been an enthusiastic member of the European Community/the EU ever since?

7. What can British ambivalence towards Europe be attributed to?

8. What were the reactions of the European leaders to David Cameron's veto of a new EU treaty? Why do you think they differed?

1. Does the article prove that Britain is a nation whose interests lie inside the EU?

2. Do you know anything about the current state of things?

a) the reasons for Euroscepticism in the UK

b) the implications of a possible British exit from the EU for the UK / the EU

c) the feasibility of a disintegration of the European Union

1. a measure taken to protect someone or something or to prevent something undesirable

2. the adverse results of a situation or action

3. a person who tries to win something in a contest; especially a person who has a good chance of winning

4. to politely refuse to accept a request or suggestion

5. a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or unease whose exact cause is difficult to identify

6. the state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone

7. (of an attitude, habit, or belief) firmly established and difficult or unlikely to change

8. extremely thoroughly and carefully

9. a difficult, unpleasant, or embarrassing situation

10. general feeling or opinion

Unit III. EU at the Crossroads

Ex. 7. Continue the strings of collocation. Make up a sentence with one collocation from each list.

being loyal to the Union in a state that was predominately dedicated to the Confederate cause.

3. The economic _________________________ is felt in a loss of competitiveness and in the

faltering of prominent economic institutions like IBM.

4. The importance of the seaside holiday and the belief in the wholesomeness of outdoor life is _________________________ in the national psyche.

5. In Korea as well, anti-American _________________________ has been on the rise, albeit in

a different form than that of the extremist Islamic circles of the Middle East.

6. Russia is currently a big gas supplier to Europe, but this position has been threatened by the _________________________ from the Ukraine crisis.

7. China is a potential _________________________ for the global leadership in the 21st

century.

8. The Arak reactor is another serious problem with the proposed agreement with Iran and

was one reason France _________________________, leading the last round of talks to end

without an agreement.

9. Faced with growing popular opposition to the EU, the EU summit was supposed to convey the

message that the EU is a _________________________ a g a i n s t the relapse of the continent

into barbarism and war.

10. Sporadic attempts at reform were _________________________ suppressed in the cities,

and government became more and more petrified into aristocracy.

John Ashton 59 59 1. One of the world's top climate diplomats, John Ashton is now an independent commentator and adviser on the politics of climate change. From 2006-12 he served as Special Representative for Climate Change to three successive UK Foreign Secretaries, spanning the current Coalition and the previous Labour Government. He is a co-founder and, from 2004-6, was the first Chief Executive of E3G. From 1978-2002, after a brief period as a research astronomer, he was a career diplomat, with a particular focus on China. He is a visiting professor at the London University School of Oriental and African Studies, and a Distinguished Policy Fellow at the Grantham Institute for Climate Change at Imperial College. 2. E3G (Third Generation Environmentalism) is an independent organisation acting to accelerate the global transition to sustainable development. on European identity