Юваль Ной Харари - Sapiens. Краткая история человечества [litres]

40Andrew Robinson, The Story of Writing (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995), 63; Hans J. Nissen, Peter Damerow and Robert K. Englung, Archaic Bookkeeping: Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration in the Ancient Near East (Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993), 36.

41Marcia and Robert Ascher, Mathematics of the Incas- Code of the Quipu (New York: Dover Publications, 1981).

42Gary Urton. Signs of the Inka Khipu (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003); Galen Brokaw. A History of the Khipu (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).

43Stephen D. Houston (ed.), The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 222.

44Sheldon Pollock, ‘Axialism and Empire’, in Axial Civilizations and World History , ed. Johann P. Arnason, S. N. Eisenstadt and Bjorn Wittrock (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 397-451

45Harold M. Tanner, China: A History (Indianapolis: Hackett, Pub. Co., 2009), 34.

46Ramesh Chandra, Identity and Genesis of Caste System in India (Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2005); Michael Bamshad et al., ‘Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Population, Genome Research 11 (2001): 904-1004; Susan Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

47Houston, First Writing , 196.

48The Secretary-General, United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General on the Indepth Study on All Forms of Violence Against Women , delivered to the General Assembly, U.N. Doc. А/16/122/Add. 1 (July 6, 2006), 89.

49Sue Blundell, Women in Ancient Greece (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 113–129, 132–133.

50Francisco Lopez de Gomara, Historia de la Conquista de Mexico , vol. 1, ed. D. Joaquin Ramirez Cabanes (Mexico City: Editorial Pedro Robredo, 1943), 106.

51Andrew M. Watson, ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, Economic History Review 20:1 (1967), 11–12; Jasim Alubudi, Repertorio Bibliografico del Islam (Madrid: Vision Libros, 2003), 194.

52Watson, ‘Back to Gold – and Silver’, 17–18.

53David Graeber, Debt: The First 5,000 Years (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Melville House, 2011).

54Glyn Davies, A History of Money: from Ancient Times to the Present Day (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1994), 15.

55Szymon Laks, Music of Another World, trans. Chester A. Kisiel (Evanston, 111.: Northwestern University Press, 1989), 88–89. «Рынок» Освенцима был ограничен определенными категориями заключенных, и условия резко менялись в зависимости от времени.

56Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money (New York: The Penguin Press, 2008), 4.

57Сведения о ячменных деньгах я почерпнул из неопубликованной диссертации: Refael Benvenisti, Economic Institutions of Ancient Assyrian Trade in the Twentieth to Eighteenth Centuries BC (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, 2011). См. также Norman Yoffee, ‘The Economy of Ancient Western Asia’, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East , vol. 1, ed. J.M. Sasson (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1995), 1387–1399; R. К. Englund, ‘Proto-Cuneiform Account-Books and Journals’, in Creating Economic Order: Record-keeping, Standardization, and the Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East, ed. Michael Hudson and Cornelia Wunsch (Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, 2004), 21–46; Marvin A. Powell, ‘A Contribution to the History of Money in Mesopotamia prior to the Invention of Coinage’, in Festschrift Lubor Matous , ed. B. Hruska and G. Komoroczy (Budapest: Eotvos Lorand Tudomanyegyetem, 1978), 211–243; Marvin A. Powell, ‘Money in Mesopotamia, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 39:3 (1996), 224–242; John E Robertson, ‘The Social and Economic Organization of Ancient Mesopotamian Temples’, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 443–500; M. Silver, ‘Modern Ancients’, in Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction, ed. R. Rollinger and U. Christoph (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2004), 65–87; Daniel C. Snell, ‘Methods of Exchange and Coinage in Ancient Western Asia, in Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1, ed. Sasson, 1487–1497.

58Nahum Megged, The Aztecs (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1999 [Hebrew]), 103.

59Тацит. Агрикола, гл. XXX. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), pp. 220–221.

60A. Fienup-Riordan, The Nelson Island Eskimo: Social Structure and Ritual Distribution (Anchorage: Alaska Pacific University Press, 1983), p. 10.

61Yuri Pines, ‘Nation States, Globalization and a United Empire – the Chinese Experience (third to fifth centuries BC)’, Historia 15 (1995), 54 [Hebrew].

62Alexander Yakobson, ‘Us and Them: Empire, Memory and Identity in Claudius’ Speech on Bringing Gauls into the Roman Senate’, in On Memory: An Interdisciplinary Approach, ed. Doron Mendels (Oxford: Peter Land, 2007), 23–24.

63W.H.C. Frend, Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church (Cambridgejames Clarke & Co., 2008), 536–537.

64Robert Jean Knecht, The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France , 1483–1610 (London: Fontana Press, 1996), 424.

65Marie Harm and Hermann Wiehle, Lebenskundefuer Mittelschulen – Fuenfter Teil Klasse 5fuer Jungen (Halle: Hermann Schroedel Verlag, 1942), 152–157.

66Susan Blackmore, The Meme Machine (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).

67David Christian, Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), 344–345; Angus Maddison, The World Economy , vol. 2 (Paris: Development Centre of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001), 636; ‘Historical Estimates of World Population, U.S. Census Bureau, accessed December 10, 2010, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html.

68Maddison, The World Economy , vol. 1, 261.

69"Gross Domestic Product 2009", The World Bank, Data and Statistics, accessed December 10, 2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf.

70Christian, Maps of Time, 141.

71Самое крупное современное грузовое судно перевозит около 100 тысяч тонн. В 1470 году совокупный тоннаж мирового торгового флота составлял 730 тысяч тонн (Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1, 97).

72Крупнейший мировой банк – Королевский банк Шотландии – на 2007 год хранил депозиты общей стоимостью 1,3 триллиона долларов. Это впятеро больше совокупного мирового производства за 1500 год. См. ‘Annual Report and Accounts 2008’, The Royal Bank of Scotland, 35, accessed December 10, 2010, http://files.shareholder. com/downloads/RBS/626570033x0x278481/eb7a003a-5c9b-41ef-bad3-81fb98a6c823/RBS_GRA_2008_09_03_09.pdf.

73Ferguson, Ascent of Money, 185–198.

74Jennie B. Dorman et al., ‘The age-1 and daf-2 Genes Function in a Common Pathway to Control the Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans\ Genetics 141:4 (1995), 1399–1406; Koen Houthoofd et al., ‘Life Extension via Dietary Restriction is Independent of the Ins/IGF-1 Signaling Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans, Experimental Gerontology 38:9 (2003), 947–954.

75Maddison, The World Economy, vol. 1,31; Wrigley, English Population History , 295; Christian, Maps of Time, 450, 452; ‘World Health Statistic Report 2009’, 35–45, World Health Organization, accessed December 10, 2010 http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS09_Full.pdf.

76Wrigley, English Population History , 296.

77Там же.

78Michael Prestwich, Edward I (Berkley: University of California Press, 1988), 125–126.

79Stephen R. Bown, Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner, and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Matin's Press, 2004); Kenneth John Carpenter, The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

80James Cook, The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific, as Told by Selections of his Own Journals 1768–1779, ed. Archibald Grenfell Price (New York: Dover Publications, 1971), 16–17; Gananath Obeyesekere, The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), 5; J.C. Beaglehole, ed., The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), 588.

81Mark, Origins of the Modern World , 81.

82Christian, Maps of Time, 436.

83John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire since 1405 (London: Allen Lane, 2007), 239.

84Soli Shahvar, ‘Railroads i. The First Railroad Built and Operated in Persia, in the Online Edition of Encyclopaedia Iranica, last modified April 7, 2008, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/railroads-i; Charles Issawi, ‘The Iranian Economy 1925–1975: Fifty Years of Economic Development’, in Iran under the Pahlavis, ed. George Lenczowski (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1978), 156.

85Mark, The Origins of the Modern World, 46.

86Kirkpatrik Sale, Christopher Columbus and the Conquest of Paradise (London: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2006), 7-13.

87Edward M. Spiers, The Army and Society: 1815–1914 (London: Longman, 1980), 121; Robin Moore, ‘Imperial India, 1858–1914’, in The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, vol. 3, ed. Andrew Porter (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 442.

88Vinita Damodaran, ‘Famine in Bengal: A Comparison of the 1770 Famine in Bengal and the 1897 Famine in Chotanagpur’, The Medieval History Journal 10: 1–2 (2007), 151.

89Maddison, World Economy, vol. 1, 261, 264; ‘Gross National Income Per Capita 2009, Atlas Method and PPP’, The World Bank, accessed December 10,2010, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/ Resources/GNIPC.pdf.

90Этот пример с пекарней не слишком точен по расчетам. Поскольку банк вправе одалживать $10 на каждый имеющийся у него $1, банки могут выдавать предпринимателям по $909 тысяч из миллиона, резервируя $91 тысячу. Но, чтобы облегчить жизнь читателям, я предпочел круглые числа. Тем более банки не так уж и строго придерживаются этих правил.

91Carl Trocki, Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy (New York: Routledge, 1999), 91.

92Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History (London: Zed Books, 2002), 22.

93Mark, Origins of the Modern World, 109.

94Nathan S. Lewis and Daniel G. Nocera, ‘Powering the Planet: Chemical Challenges in Solar Energy Utilization, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:43 (2006), 15731.