Шошана Зубофф - Эпоха надзорного капитализма. Битва за человеческое будущее на новых рубежах власти

Lillian Cunningham, “Google’s Eric Schmidt Expounds on His Senate Testimony,” Washington Post , September 30, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-leadership/googles-eric-schmidt-expounds-on-his-senate-testimony/2011/09/30/gIQAPyVgCL_story.html.

“Google’s Revolving Door Explorer (US),” Google Transparency Project , April 15, 2016, http://www.googletransparencyproject.org/googles-revolving-door-explorer-us; Tess VandenDolder, “Is Google the New Revolving Door?” DC Inno , September 9, 2014, http://dcinno.streetwise.co/2014/09/09/is-google-the-new-revolving-door; “Revolving Door | OpenSecrets—Employer Search: Google Inc.,” OpenSecrets.org , February 23, 2017, https://www.opensecrets.org/revolving/search_result.php?priv=Google+Inc; Yasha Levine, “The Revolving Door Between Google and the Department of Defense,” PandoDaily (blog), April 23, 2014, http://pando.com/2014/04/23/the-revolving-door-between-google-and-the-department-of-defense; Cecilia Kang and Juliet Eilperin, “Why Silicon Valley Is the New Revolving Door for Obama Staffers,” Washington Post , February 27, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/as-obama-nears-close-of-his-tenure-commitment-to-silicon-valley-is-clear/2015/02/27/3bee8088-bc8e-11e4-bdfa-b8e8f594e6ee_story.html.

Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg, How Google Works (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 255; Эрик Шмидт, Алан Игл и Джонатан Розенберг, Как работает Google (Москва: Эксмо, 2015), 343.

Deborah D’Souza, “Big Tech Spent Record Amounts on Lobbying Under Trump,” Investopedia , July 11, 2017, https://www.investopedia.com/tech/what-are-tech-giants-lobbying-trump-era; Brodkin, “Google and Facebook Lobbyists”; Natasha Lomas, “Google Among Top Lobbyists of Senior EC Officials,” TechCrunch (blog), June 24, 2015, http://social.techcrunch.com/2015/06/24/google-among-top-lobbyists-of-senior-ec-officials; “Google’s European Revolving Door,” Google Transparency Project , September 25, 2017, http://googletransparencyproject.org/articles/googles-european-revolving-door.

“Google Enlisted Obama Officials to Lobby States on Driverless Cars,” Google Transparency Project , March 29, 2018, https://googletransparencyproject.org/articles/google-enlisted-obama-officials-lobby-states-driverless-cars.

“Tech Companies Are Pushing Back Against Biometric Privacy Laws,” Bloomberg.com , July 20, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-20/tech-companies-are-pushing-back-against-biometric-privacy-laws; “Biometric Privacy Laws: Illinois and the Fight Against Intrusive Tech,” March 29, 2018, https://news.law.fordham.edu/jcfl/2018/03/20/biometric-privacy-laws-illinois-and-the-fight-against-intrusive-tech; April Glaser, “Facebook Is Using an ‘NRA Approach’ to Defend Its Creepy Facial Recognition Programs,” Slate , August 4, 2017, http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2017/08/04/facebook_is_fighting_biometric_facial_recognition_privacy_laws.html; Conor Dougherty, “Tech Companies Take Their Legislative Concerns to the States,” New York Times , May 27, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/28/tech nology/tech-companies-take-their-legislative-concerns-to-the-states.html.

В 1999 г. Шмидт вошел в состав правления Фонда «Новая Америка». На 2013 г. он был председателем его Совета директоров, и его финансовый вклад по-прежнему оставался одним из самых значительных, уступая вкладам лишь трех других доноров: Государственного департамента США, Фонда Люмина (Lumina Foundation) и Фонда Билла и Мелинды Гейтс. Среди доноров второго ряда мы встречаем Google. См.: http://newamerica.net/about/funding. Этот фонд является эпицентром вашингтонского политического дискурса, а список членов его совета читается как энциклопедия политического истеблишмента. См.: http://newamerica.net/about/board.

Tom Hamburger and Matea Gold, “Google, Once Disdainful of Lobbying, Now a Master of Washington Influence,” Washington Post , April 12, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/how-google-is-transforming-power-and-politicsgoogle-once-disdainful-of-lobbying-now-a-master-of-washington-influence/2014/04/12/51648b92-b4d3-11e3-8cb6-284052554d74_story.html.

Дополнительные материалы см. в: David Dayen, “Google’s Insidious Shadow Lobbying: How the Internet Giant Is Bankrolling Friendly Academics—and Skirting Federal Investigations,” Salon.com , November 24, 2015, https://www.salon.com/2015/11/24/googles_insidious_shadow_lobbying_how_the_internet_giant_is_bankrolling_friendly_academics_and_skirting_federal_investigations.

Nick Surgey, “The Googlization of the Far Right: Why Is Google Funding Grover Norquist, Heritage Action and ALEC?” PR Watch , November 27, 2013, http://www.prwatch.org/news/2013/11/12319/google-funding-grover-norquist-heritage-action-alec-and-more. PR Watch – издание Центра медиа и демократии (Center for Media and Democracy). Заинтересованному читателю я настоятельно рекомендую найти эту статью и ознакомиться с полным перечнем антиправительственно настроенных получателей финансовой помощи со стороны Google и анализом их позиций и исследовательских приоритетов.

Mike McIntire, “ALEC, a Tax-Exempt Group, Mixes Legislators and Lobbyists,” New York Times , April 21, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/us/alec-a-tax-exempt-group-mixes-legislators-and-lobbyists.html; Nick Surgey, “The Googlization of the Far Right: Why Is Google Funding Grover Norquist, Heritage Action and ALEC?” PR Watch , November 27, 2013, http://www.prwatch.org/news/2013/11/12319/google-funding-grover-norquist-heritage-action-alec-and-more; “What Is ALEC? – ALEC Exposed,” Center for Media and Democracy, February 22, 2017, http://www.alecexposed.org/wiki/What_is_ALEC%3F; Katie Rucke, “Why Are Tech Companies Partnering with ALEC?” Mint Press News (blog), December 13, 2013, http://www.mintpressnews.com/tech-companies-partnering-alec/175074.

“2014 Fellows—Policy Fellowship—Google,” https://www.google.com/policy fellowship/2014fellows.html.

Brody Mullins and Jack Nicas, “Paying Professors: Inside Google’s Academic Influence Campaign,” Wall Street Journal , July 14, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/paying-professors-insidegoogles-academic-influence-campaign-1499785286.

Kenneth P. Vogel, “Google Critic Ousted from Think Tank Funded by the Tech Giant,” New York Times , August 30, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/us/politics/eric-schmidt-google-new-america.html; Hope Reese, “The Latest Google Controversy Shows How Corporate Funding Stifles Criticism,” Vox , September 5, 2017, https://www.vox.com/conversations/2017/9/5/16254910/google-controversy-newamerica-barry-lynn.

“Google Management Discusses Q3 2011 Results—Earnings Call Transcript About Alphabet Inc. (GOOG),” Seeking Alpha, October 14, 2011, http://seekingalpha.com/article/299518-google-management-discusses-q3-2011-results-earnings-call-transcript (выделено мной. – Ш. З. ).

См.: Ken Auletta, Googled: The End of the World as We Know It (New York: Penguin, 2010).

Вот некоторые статьи и другие работы Эдельмана: Benjamin Edelman, “Bias in Search Results? Diagnosis and Response,” Indian Journal of Law and Technology 7 (2011): 16–32; Benjamin Edelman and Zhenyu Lai, “Design of Search Engine Services: Channel Interdependence in Search Engine Results” (working paper, Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School, March 9, 2015), Journal of Marketing Reseach 53, no. 6 (2016): 881–900; Benjamin Edelman, “Leveraging Market Power Through Tying and Bundling: Does Google Behave Anti-competitively?” (working paper, no. 14–112, Harvard, May 28, 2014), http://www.benedelman.org/publications/google-tying-2014-05-12.pdf; Benjamin Edelman et al., Exclusive Preferential Placement as Search Diversion: Evidence from Flight Search (Social Science Research Network, 2013); Benjamin Edelman, “Google Tying Google Plus and Many More,” Benedelman.org, January 12, 2012, http://www.benedelman.org/news/011212-1.html; Benjamin Edelman, “HardCoding Bias in Google ‘Algorithmic’ Search Results,” Benedelman.org, November 15, 2010, http://www.benedelman.org/hardcoding.

Ashkan Soltani, Andrea Peterson, and Barton Gellman, “NSA Uses Google Cookies to Pinpoint Targets for Hacking,” Washington Post, December 10, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/12/10/nsa-uses-google-cookies-to-pinpoint-targets-for-hacking.

Michael Luca et al., “Does Google Content Degrade Google Search? Experimental Evidence” (working paper, NOM Unit, Harvard Business School, August 2016), http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2667143.

Alistair Barr, “How Google Aims to Delve Deeper into Users’ Lives,” Wall Street Journal, May 28, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/how-google-aims-to-delve-deeper-into-users-lives-1432856623.

См.: Erick Schonfeld, “Schmidt: ‘Android Adoption Is About to Explode,’” TechCrunch (blog), October 15, 2009, http://social.techcrunch.com/2009/10/15/schmidt-android-adoption-is-about-to-explode.

Bill Gurley, “The Freight Train That Is Android,” Above the Crowd, March 25, 2011, http://abovethecrowd.com/2011/03/24/freight-train-that-is-android.

Steve Kovach, “Eric Schmidt: We’ll Have 2 Billion People Using Android Thanks to Cheap Phones,” Business Insider, April 16, 2013, http://www.businessinsider.com/eric-schmidt-on-global-android-growth-2013-4 (выделено мной. – Ш. З. ); Ina Fried, “Eric Schmidt on the Future of Android, Motorola, Cars and Humanity (Video),” AllThingsD (blog), May 8, 2013, http://allthingsd.com/20130508/eric-schmidt-on-the-future-of-android-motorola-cars-and-humanity-video.

См.: Ameet Sachdev, “Skyhook Sues Google After Motorola Stops Using Its Location-Based Software,” Chicago Tribune , August 19, 2011, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-08-19/business/ct-biz-0819-chicago-law-20110819_1_google-s-android-google-risks-google-spokesperson. См. также подробный анализ более 750 страниц судебных документов: Nilay Patel, “How Google Controls Android: Digging Deep into the Skyhook Filings,” Verge , May 12, 2011, http://www.theverge.com/2011/05/12/google-android-skyhook-lawsuit-motorola-samsung.