Коллектив авторов - Международная молодежная научная школа «Школа научно-технического творчества и концептуального проектирования»

В современной реальности, для коммерциализации результатов НИОКР (R&D), просто необходимо использовать те возможности, которые предоставляются молодежи, но для этого в процессе учебы студентам вузов необходимо создавать условия, способствующие их развитию в направлении инновационного предпринимательства в приоритетных научных направлениях, но проблема в том, что работа в этом направлении в Российских вузах идет медленно, особенно в региональных. В данной статье предложен пример создания научных студенческих объединений, студенческих научно-исследовательских лабораторий, которые, прежде всего, ориентированы на коммерциализацию результатов интеллектуальной деятельности, такие лаборатории могут успешно создаваться при малых инновационных предприятиях, которые функционируют при вузе. В подавляющем большинстве случаев научные исследования проводимые студентами, в рамках образовательной программы вуза, не коммерциализуются, а причина в том, что изначально не ставится такой цели, в таком случае используется принцип – наука ради науки. Студентам, помимо научно-исследовательской деятельности, необходимо получать бизнес-компетенции, необходимые для становления инновационных проектов, и перехода от этапа научной разработки до появления коммерческого продукта или услуги. Положительным примером может служить студенческая научно-исследовательская лаборатория «Sport & Health» Сыктывкарского государственного университета, которая в настоящее время реализует несколько инновационных проектов, участвует в различных конкурсах и программах («УНИК», «СТАРТ», Зворыкинский проект и т.д.) причем для данного вуза, такая практика обучения инновационного предпринимательства является новой. Такой подход позволит привлечь заниматься инновациями активных, целеустремленных студентов, что в будущем позволит благотворно воздействовать на инновационную инфраструктуру региона.

Kazan is a large center of the Russian chemical industry. Production of polysulfide rubbers and hermetics occupy a special place in Kazan. In 2000 production of polysulfide hermetics for double-glazed windows was organized.

Thiocol production is extremely adverse in the ecological relation. It is well known that the odors from thiocol production are obnoxious. Many methods for eliminating Na 2S have been reported due to industrial need. There will be some problems, however, if these methods are applied to wastewater treatment. The most interesting method of sodium sulfide detoxification is the oxidation of the toxic sulfur compounds in the waste by the use of atmospheric oxygen. In the absence of catalysts, this process is performed at temperatures of 90-110 0C and pressures of 0.3-0.5 MPa. The use of catalysts can give a significant acceleration of the oxidation process, so that it can be performed at 40-50 0C. Homogeneous catalysts, including transition metal oxides can dissolve in alkaline solution. Heterogeneous catalysts were synthesized by introducing transition metal oxides into the polymer matrix. The heterogeneous catalyst has a high level of chemical stability, mechanical strength, and stable catalytic activity.

In this paper is proposed the catalytic efficiency of transition metal oxides deposited on the polymer matrix in the sodium sulfide oxidation and investigation of kinetic parameters in presence of copper and manganese oxides catalyst.

The effect of transition metal oxides deposited on the polymer matrix in the sodium sulfide oxidation is given in Figure 1.

Fig. 1 The effect of transition metal oxides deposited on the polymer matrix in the sodium sulfide oxidation.

It is apparent from the Figure that copper and manganese oxides show maximum activity in the sodium sulfide oxidation, in this case intial rate of reaction is, respectively, about 1,4 and 1,35 times higher than intial rate of no catalyst. Oxides of NiO, Co 3O 4, Cr 2O 3, TiO 2– show insignificant activity, a part from the tested oxides: V 2O 5, Fe 2O 3– don't influence rate of reaction, and catalysts based on the MoO 3oxide- even inhibit sodium sulfide oxidation.

Fig. 2 The effect of mixed compositions by different concentration of copper and manganese oxides in the sodium sulfide oxidation.

Catalytic activity of mixed compositions, which were synthesized by different concentration of copper and manganese oxides shows that CuO5/MnO 2-15 possesses highest activity for sodium sulfide oxidation (Fig. 2).

Influence of the heterogeneous catalyst amount on the rate of reaction shows that increasing catalyst amount to 5,0 g leads to increase the rate of sodium sulfide oxidation. The further increases in catalyst amount don't influence rate of reaction (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3 Influence of the heterogeneous catalyst amount on the rate of sodium sulfide oxidation

Fig. 4 Influence of temperature on the rate of sodium sulfide oxidation

Influence of temperature on the rate of reaction shows that the maximum rate of sodium sulfide oxidation is observed at temperature 60 0С, above and below 60 0С rate of reaction is decreased (Fig. 4).

Kinetic methods show that all reactions are first order with respect to the [O 2] and zero – to the concentration of sulfur compounds (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5 Logarithmic dependence of rate of sodium sulfide oxidation on concentration О 2

Ionic liquids are defined as molecules containing a permanent charge and a melting point below 100 oC [1]. Although it is not a requirement, in general, the more common ionic liquids possess an organic cation and an inorganic anion. Ionic liquids are receiving an upsurge of interest for their unique physicochemical properties such as high thermal stability, negligible vapor pressure, relatively high ionic conductivity, and good electrochemical stability.

Ionic liquids have also been quite popular recently due to their potential application as green chemical reaction solvents and water treatment agents. The permanent charge provides many useful applications, such as electroactive devices and actuators. They serve as charge exchange films in electroactive devices or ionic liquids and can be used to improve existing films upon swelling, which leads to enhance the conductivity of the actuator.

Solid electrolytes play an important role in the development of new energy sources, like solid state batteries, fuel cells, photoelectrochemical solar cells, sensors and electrochromic displays [2,3]. Obtaining high ionic conductivity over a wide temperature range becomes crucial for the realization of these technological applications. Traditional ion-conducting polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide) – based polymer electrolytes, are solid solutions of salts in polymers [4-7]. Ionic motion in these polymer electrolytes is coupled with the local segmental motion of the polymer. In this type of electrolytes an increase of carrier-ion density and mobility are difficult to achieve because both, depend on the interaction of polymer segments with the ions. Various research groups [8–11] have been involved actively to synthesize polymer electrolytes with high conductivities, but up to now the desired conductivities, particularly at high temperatures, have not been attained. Hydrated perfluorosulfonic polymer shows superior performance in fuel cells operating at moderate temperature (<90 ◦C), however, the properties of such polymer membranes are insufficient at higher temperatures. This puts new demands on the development of alternative polymeric proton exchange membranes [12]. Based on this concept, the use of ionic liquids appears to be promising with respect to high ion conductivity in polymers. Due to an ionic liquid’s ability to facilitate electron or ion motion, they are now enabling electroactive devices. Commercially available conductive membranes are swollen with ionic liquids to enhance their conductivity; alternatively, conductive membranes are synthesized from novel ionic liquid monomers, also termed polymerizable ionic liquids. The imidazole ring has gained much attention for its ability to tune the properties of the resulting ionic liquid. The imidazole ring is a very versatile scaffold for ionic liquids. The ring is easily ionized upon quaternization of the tertiary nitrogen atom, resulting in a permanent positive charge. A unique combination of various alkyl substituents and counteranions enables tuning of the physical properties of the liquid such as the melting point, the boiling point, and the viscosity to meet the demands of the application. The structure is uniquely tunable because of the inherent amphoteric behavior, i.e. the imidazole ring both accepts and donates protons. Finally, the imidazolium cation is associated with a mobile counteranion, which can be exchanged to further tune solubility and conductivity [13].