Брендан Симмс - Европа. Борьба за господство

Richard Bonney (ed.), The rise of the fiscal state in Europe, c. 1200–1815 (Oxford, 1999), and Philippe Contamine (ed.), War and competition between states (Oxford, 2000).

Michael Wintle, The image of Europe. Visualizing Europe in cartography and iconography throughout the ages (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 58–64.

Лолларды – христианская община, сложилась в Германии и Голландии; фламандские ткачи, бежавшие в Англию, принесли учение этой общины о социальном равенстве на Британские острова. Гуситы – сторонники чешского социального реформатора Я. Гуса, выступали за уменьшение влияния церкви на мирские дела. Альбигойцы (катары) – религиозное движение во Франции; в период, о котором пишет автор, корректнее говорить о вальденсах – духовных преемниках катаров, отстаивавших ликвидацию частной собственности и апостолическую бедность. – Примеч. ред.

Alfred Kohler, Expansion and Hegemonie. Internationale Beziehungen 1450–1559 (Paderborn, 2008).

Peter Blickle, Obedient Germans? A rebuttal. A new view of German history (Charlottesville, and London, 1997), especially pp. 44–52. See also Martin Kintzinger and Bernd Schneidmüller, Politische Öffentlichkeit im Spätmittelalter (Darmstadt, 2011).

Arnd Reitemeier, Aussenpolitik im Spätmittelalter. Die diplomatischen Beziehungen zwischen dem Reich und England, 1377–1422 (Paderborn, 1999), pp. 14–15, 474–81 and passim.

Marie Tanner, The last descendant of Aeneas. The Hapsburgs and the mythic image of the emperor (New Haven, 1993); Martin Kintzinger, Die Erben Karls des Grossen. Frankreich und Deutschland im Mittelalter (Ostfildern, 2005); and Alexandre Y. Haran, Le lys et le globe. Messianisme dynastique et rêve impérial en France à l’aube des temps modernes (Seyssel, 2000). For the strategic dimension see Duncan Hardy, ‘The 1444–5 expedition of the dauphin Louis to the Upper Rhine in geopolitical perspective’, Journal of Medieval History, 38, 3 (2012), pp. 358–87 (especially pp. 360–70).

Bernd Marquardt, Die ‘europäische Union’ des vorindustriellen Zeitalters. Vom Universalreich zum Staatskörper des Jus Publicum Europaeum (800–1800) (Zurich, 2005).

Thomas A. Brady, German histories in the age of Reformations, 1400–1650 (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 90–98.

Eberhard Isenmann, ‘Reichs nanzen und Reichssteuern im 15. Jahrhundert’, Zeitschrift für die historische Forschung, 7 (1980), pp. 1–76 and 129–218 (especially pp. 1–9).

Tom Scott, ‘Germany and the Empire’, in Christopher Allmand (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. VII: c. 1415 – c. 1500 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 337–40.

В классической геополитике хинтерланд – важная территория, примыкающая к уже завоеванной . Примеч. ред.

Quoted in Hugh Thomas, Rivers of gold. The rise of the Spanish Empire (London, 2003, 2010 edition), p. 494.

Quoted in Andreas Osiander, The states system of Europe, 1640–1990. Peacemaking and the conditions of international stability (Oxford, 1994), p. 79.

Jonathan Harris, The end of Byzantium (New Haven and London, 2010), pp. 178–206.

Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 2002), pp. 2–3, 9–10, 13 (re the prophet Muhammed), 19, 222 and passim; and Osman Turan, ‘The ideal of world domination among the medieval Turks’, Studia islamica, IV (1955), pp. 77–90, especially pp. 88–9.

Steven Runciman, The fall of Constantinople, 1453 (Cambridge, 1966), pp. 160–80, and W. Brandes, ‘Der Fall Konstantinopels als apokalyptisches Ereignis’, in S. Kolditz and R. C. Müller (eds.), Geschehenes und Geschrie – benes. Studien zu Ehren von Günther S. Henrich und Klaus-Peter Matschke (Leipzig, 2005), pp. 453–69.

Quoted in Iver B. Neumann and Jennifer M. Welsh, ‘The other in European self-definition: an addendum to the literature on international society’, Review of International Studies, 17, 4 (1991), pp. 327–48 (p. 336).

Quoted in Peter O’Brien, European perceptions of Islam and America from Saladin to George W. Bush. Europe’s fragile ego uncovered (London, 2009), p. 75. See also Rhoads Murphey, ‘Süleyman I and the conquest of Hungary: Ottoman manifest destiny or a delayed reaction to Charles V’s universalist vision’, Journal of Early Modern History, 5 (2001), pp. 197–221.

Theodore Spandounes, On the origin of the Ottoman emperors, trans. and ed. Donald M. Nicol (Cambridge, 1997), p. 5.

Иначе Житваторокский мир, подписан в устье реки Житва, предусматривал отказ от ежегодной выплаты Венгрией дани Турции; взамен император согласился на единовременную выплату туркам значительной суммы . Примеч. ред.

Wim Blockmans and Nicolette Mout (ed.), The world of emperor Charles V (Amsterdam, 2004), and Alfred Kohler, Karl V. 1500–1558. Eine Biographie (Munich, 1999).

John Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs. Vol. I: Empire and absolutism (Oxford, 1981), quotation p. 38. On Charles V and ‘Universal Monarchy’ see Franz Bosbach, Monarchia universalis. Ein politischer Leitbegriff der Frühen Neuzeit (Göttingen, 1988), pp. 35–64.

То есть супруг правящей королевы, Филипп, еще наследником престола женился на Марии Тюдор (Кровавой); после ее смерти он долго предлагал брак королеве Елизавете . Примеч. ред.

Geoffrey Parker, The grand strategy of Philip II (New Haven and London, 1998), p. 4.

Gábor Ágoston, ‘Information, ideology, and limits of imperial policy: Ottoman grand strategy in the context of Ottoman – Habsburg rivalry’, in Virginia H. Aksan and Daniel Goffman (eds.), The Early Modern Ottomans: remapping the empire (Cambridge, 2007), pp. 75–103.

Goffman, Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe, p. 111.

The Sultan’s instructions to the Moriscos and his envoy to Flanders are cited in Andrew C. Hess, ‘The Moriscos: an Ottoman fifth column in sixteenth-century Spain’, American Historical Review, 74, 1 (1968), pp. 19–20.

Esther-Beate Körber, Habsburgs europäische Herrschaft. Von Karl V. bis zum Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts (Darmstadt, 2002), p. 20 and passim.

Quoted in Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs, pp. 74–5.

Aurelio Espinosa, ‘The grand strategy of Charles V (1500–1558): Castile, war, and dynastic priority in the Mediterranean’, Journal of Early Modern History, 9 (2005), pp. 239–83, especially pp. 239–41 and 258–9.

Federico Chabod, ‘“¿Milán o los Países Bajos?” Las discusiones en España sobre la “alternativa” de 1544’, in Carlos V (1500–1558). Homenaje de la Universidad de Granada (Granada, 1958), pp. 331–72, especially pp. 340–41. I thank Miss Carolina Jimenez Sanchez for translating this article for me.

Volker Press, ‘Die Bundespläne Karls V und die Reichsverfassung’, in Heinrich Lutz (ed.), Das römisch-deutsche Reich im politischen System Karls V. (Munich, 1982), pp. 55–106.

Alfred Kohler, Expansion und Hegemonie. Internationale Beziehungen, 1450–1559 (Paderborn, Munich, etc., 2008), pp. 371–84.

Olivares on Flanders is cited in Jonathan I. Israel, Conflicts of empires. Spain, the Low Countries and the struggle for world supremacy, 1585–1713 (London, 1997), pp. 67–8. For projected Spanish military expenditure in 1634 see the figures in J. H. Elliott, ‘Foreign policy and domestic crisis: Spain, 1598–1659’, in J. H. Elliott, Spain and its world, 1500–1700. Selected essays (New Haven and London, 1989), p. 130.

Randall Lesaffer, ‘Defensive warfare, prevention and hegemony: the justifications of the Franco-Spanish war of 1635’, Journal for International Law, 8 (2006), pp. 91–123 and 141–79. Richelieu on gateways is cited in J. H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (Cambridge, 1984), p. 123.

Quoted in Derek Croxton, Peacemaking in Early Modern Europe. Cardinal Mazarin and the Congress of Westphalia, 1643–1648 (Selinsgrove, Pa, and London, 1999), p. 271.

Quoted in Stuart Carroll, Martyrs and murderers. The Guise family and the making of Europe (Oxford, 2009), p. 68.

Quoted in Alison D. Anderson, On the verge of war. International relations and the Jülich-Kleve succession crises (1609–1614) (Boston, 1999), p. 51.

Anja Victorine Hartmann, Von Regensburg nach Hamburg. Die diplomatischen Beziehungen zwischen dem französischen König und dem Kaiser vom Regensburger Vertrag (13. Oktober 1630) bis zum Hamburger Präliminarfrieden (25. Dezember 1641) (Münster, 1998).

Richelieu is quoted in Hermann Weber, ‘Richelieu und das Reich’, in Heinrich Lutz, Friedrich Hermann Schubert and Hermann Weber (eds.), Frankreich und das Reich im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 1968), pp. 36–52 (pp. 39 and 41).

Quoted in Osiander, States system of Europe, p. 28.

James D. Tracy, The founding of the Dutch Republic. War, finance, and politics in Holland, 1572–1588 (Oxford, 2008), pp. 5–7, 143–5, 238–41 and passim. For the connections between the Netherlands and the Empire see Johannes Arndt, Das heilige Römische Reich und die Niederlande 1566 bis 1648. Politisch-Konfessionelle Verflechtung und Publizistik im Achtzigjährigen Krieg (Cologne, 1998).

Rory McEntegart, Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden and the English Reformation (Woodbridge, 2002), pp. 11–12 and 217–18 (quotation p. 17).

Cited in R. B. Wernham, Before the Armada. The growth of English foreign policy, 1485–1588 (London, 1966), p. 292.

J. Raitt, ‘The Elector John Casimir, Queen Elizabeth, and the Protestant League’, in D. Visser (ed.), Controversy and conciliation. The Reformation and the Palatinate, 1559–1583 (Allison Park, Pa, 1986), pp. 117–45. 145