Бет Новек - Как сделать, чтобы государство работало для граждан. Практическое руководство по решению общественных проблем и изменению мира

Bryan Caplan, The Myth of the Rational Voter: Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007); Ilya Somin, Democracy and Political Ignorance: Why Smaller Government Is Smarter (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013); Rick Shenkman, Just How Stupid Are We: Facing the Truth about the American Voter (New York: Basic Books, 2008).

Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper, 1957); see also Guido Pincione and Fernando Tesón, Rational Choice and Democratic Deliberation: A Theory of Discourse Failure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006). Ознакомиться с язвительной критикой «антидемократической точки зрения» можно в работе: Roslyn Fuller, In Defence of Democracy (London: Policy, 2019).

Christopher H. Achen and Larry M. Bartels, Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017).

Ситуация, описанная в данной книге, отражает начавшийся в 70-х годах процесс построения неоконсервативного (или неолиберального) политического строя в США и странах-союзниках. Наиболее полно данный процесс описан в книге американского политолога Н. Кляйн «Доктрина шока». ( Прим. ред. )

See Lawrence Lessig, Republic Lost: Version 2.0 (New York: Twelve, 2015); and Paul Pierson and Jacob Hacker, Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer – and Turned Its Back on the Middle Class (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011).

Stephen M. Teles, “Kludgeocracy in America,” National Affairs 25 (Fall 2013): 97.

See Center for Responsive Politics, Open Secrets, “Lobbying Data Summary,” accessed October 10, 2020, https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/summary. See also John B. Judis, The Paradox of American Democracy: Elites, Special Interests, and the Betrayal of Public Trust (New York: Knopf, 2013).

Steven H. Woolf and Heidi Schoomaker, “Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the United States, 1959-2017,” JAMA 322, no. 20 (2019): 1996-2016, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.16932.

National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, The Growing Gap in Life Expectancy by Income: Implications for Federal Programs and Policy Responses (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2015), https://doi.org/10.17226/19015.

S. Jay Olshanky et al., “Differences in Life Expectancy Due to Race and Educational Differences Are Widening, and Many May Not Catch Up,” Health Affairs, August 2012, available at https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0746.

Jacob Bor, Gregory H. Cohen, and Sandro Galea, “Population Health in an Era of Rising Income Inequality: USA, 1980-2015,” Lancet 389, no. 10077 (April 8, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30571-8; Samuel L. Dickman, David U. Himmelstein, and Steffie Woolhandler, “Inequality and the Health-Care System in the USA,” Lancet 389, no. 10077 (April 8, 2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30398-7.

Shervin Assari, “George Floyd and Ahmaud Arbery Deaths: Racism Causes Life-Threatening Conditions for Black Men Every Day,” The Conversation, June 1, 2020, https://theconversation.com/george-floyd-and-ahmaud-arbery-deaths-racism-causes-life-threatening-conditions-for-black-men-every-day-120541?.

United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, “Statement on Visit to the USA, by Professor Philip Alston, United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights,” December 15, 2017, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22533. See also Kathryn Edin and H. Luke Shaefer, $2.00 a Day: Living on Almost Nothing in America (New York: Mariner Books, 2016).

Ashish P. Thakrar, “Child Mortality in the US and 19 OECD Comparator Nations: A 50-Year Time-Trend Analysis,” Health Affairs 37, no. 1 (2018): 140-149, https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0767.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System,” accessed October 20, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-mortality-surveillance-system.htm?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Freproductivehealth%2Fmaternalinfanthealth%2Fpmss.html; United Health Foundation, “Health of Women and Children,” America’s Health Rankings 2019, accessed October 10, 2020, https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/health-of-women-and-children/measure/maternal_mortality/state/NJ.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Health Equity Considerations and Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups,” accessed October 10, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/racial-ethnic-minorities.html.

Andrea Polonijo, “How California’s COVID-19 Surge Widens Health Inequalities for Black, Latino and Low-Income Residents,” The Conversation, July 30, 2020, https://theconversation.com/how-californias-covid-19-surge-widens-health-inequalities-for-black-latino-and-low-income-residents-143243.

Fernando G. De Maio, “Income Inequality Measures,” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 61, no. 10 (2007): 849-852, doi: 10.1136/jech.2006.052969; Lawrence Mishel, Elise Gould, and Josh Bivens, “Wage Stagnation in Nine Charts,” Economic Policy Institute, January 6, 2015, https://www.epi.org/publication/charting-wage-stagnation/.

Heather Long and Andrew van Dam, “U. S. Unemployment Rate Soars to 14.7 Percent, the Worst since the Depression Era,” Washington Post, May 8, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/08/april-2020-jobs-report/.

James Bessen, “Scarce Skills, Not Scarce Jobs: The ‘Real’ Challenge Technology Presents Isn’t That It Replaces Workers, but Rather Displaces Them,” Atlantic, April 27, 2015. See also Bessen, Learning by Doing (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 106-109.

World Economic Forum, “Future of Work 2018,” accessed May 25, 2020, http://reports.weforum.org/future-of-jobs-2018/preface/.

Mark Knickrehm, “How Will AI Change Work? Here Are 5 Schools of Thought,” Harvard Business Review, January 25, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/01/how-will-ai-change-work-here-are-5-schools-of-thought.

“America’s Gun Culture in 10 Charts,” BBC, October 27, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41488081.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Underlying Cause of Death 1999-2017,” CDC WONDER, 2017, https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/help/ucd.html. See also Erin Grinshteyn and David Hemenway, “Violent Death Rates: The U. S. Compared with Other High-Income OECD Countries, 2010,” American Journal of Medicine 129, no. 3 (2016): 266-273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025.

“1011 People Have Been Shot and Killed by Police in the Past Year,” Fatal Force, Washington Post, May 29, 2020.

APM Research Lab, “COVID-19 Deaths by Race and Ethnicity in the U.S.,” May 27, 2020, https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race.

Одной из самых больших проблем американского общества, по мнению ряда политологов, экономистов и философов, является т. н. «культ успеха», сложившийся в США с середины 30-х годов, породив т. н. SOP (Sucess Oriented People). Культ успеха транслируется не только внутри страны, что вызывает «перегрев» экономики, ориентированной на статусное потребление, но и в другие страны. В частности, врачи-психиатры и клинические психологи по всему миру называют данный культ (как и невозможность ему следовать) и свойственный ему патологический перфекционизм одной из веских причин взрывного роста тяжелых депрессий, расстройств поведения, алкоголизма и бытового насилия. ( Прим. ред. )

Установка на виновность человека была полностью сформулирована в 70-х годах ХХ века после экспериментов М. Селигана и формирования теории позитивной психологии. Она говорит, что богатые люди стали таковыми потому, что имели желание. Несмотря на многочисленную критику со стороны научного сообщества, для бизнеса данная теория стала универсальным оправданием роста социального неравенства и прикрытием падения реальных доходов. ( Прим. ред. )

Michael Sandel, The Tyranny of Merit (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020), 18-27.

Charles Larson and Alec Mercer, “Global Health Indicators: An Overview,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 171, no. 10 (2004): 1199-200, doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1021409.

Moises Naïm, “Why the People in Power Are Increasingly Powerless,” Washington Post, March 1, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-the-people-in-power-are-increasingly-powerless/2013/03/01/6dc7905c-7f70-11e2-8074-b26a871b165a_story.html.

OECD, “Inequality,” accessed September 20, 2020, http://www.oecd.org/social/inequality.htm.

Oxfam International “Reward Work, Not Wealth,” January 22, 2018, https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/reward-work-not-wealth.

United Nations Environment Programme, “Bridging the Emissions Gap: The Role of Non-state and Subnational Actors,” UN Environment Emissions Gap Report 2018, accessed September 20, 2020, http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11822/26093.

Hiroyuki Murakami et al., “Dominant Effect of Relative Tropical Atlantic Warming on Major Hurricane Occurrence,” Science 362, no. 6416 (2018): 794-799, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6416/794; Union of Concerned Scientists, “Is Global Warming Fueling Increased Wildfire Risks?” July 24, 2018, https://www.ucsusa.org/global-warming/science-and-impacts/impacts/global-warming-and-wildfire.html#.XC_6GM9Ki1s; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, “The Effects of Climate Change,” accessed September 20, 2020, https://climate.nasa.gov/effects/.