Хадас Вайс - Мы никогда не были средним классом. Как социальная мобильность вводит нас в заблуждение

Текст предоставлен ООО «ЛитРес».

Прочитайте эту книгу целиком, на ЛитРес.

Безопасно оплатить книгу можно банковской картой Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, со счета мобильного телефона, с платежного терминала, в салоне МТС или Связной, через PayPal, WebMoney, Яндекс.Деньги, QIWI Кошелек, бонусными картами или другим удобным Вам способом.

Banerjee A.V., Duflo E . What Is the Middle Class About? The Middle Classes Around the World // MIT Discussion Papers, December 2007; Burger R., Kamp S., Lee C., Berg S. van der, Zoch A. The Emergent Middle Class in Contemporary South Africa: Examining and Comparing Rival Approaches // Development South Africa. 2015. Vol. 32 (1). Р. 24–40; Kalb D. Class // Nonini D.M. (ed.). A Companion to Urban Anthropology. N.Y.: Blackwell, 2014; Kerstenetzky C.L., Uchôa C., Valle Silva N. do. The Elusive New Middle Class in Brazil // Brazilian Political Science Review. 2015. Vol. 9 (3). Р. 21–41; Koo H. The Global Middle Class: How Is It Made, What Does It Represent? // Globalizations. 2016. Vol. 13 (3). Р. 440–453; Melber H. (ed.). The Rise of Africa’s Middle Class: Myths, Realities, and Critical Engagements. L.: Zed Books, 2016; Nundee M. When Did We All Become Middle Class? L.: Routledge, 2016; Dore G.M.D. Measuring the Elusive Middle Class and Estimating Its Role in Economic Development and Democracy // World Economics Journal. 2017. Vol. 18 (2). Р. 107–122; Therborn G . Class in the Twenty-First Century // New Left Review. 2012. Vol. 78 (November-December). Р. 5–29. Во всех этих работах представлены критические обзоры многих из данных подходов – в более либеральном и более оптимистичном ключе они использованы в таких работах, как: Drabble S., Hoorens S., Khodyakov D., Ratzmann N., Yaqub O. The Rise of the Global Middle Class: Global Social Trends to 2030 // Rand Corporation. Thematic Report 6. 2015; IMF: Global Financial Stability Report: Market Developments and Issues // International Monetary Fund. September 2006.

Например, в следующих работах: Amoranto G., Chun N., Deolaliker A. Who Are the Middle Class and What Values Do They Hold? Evidence from the World Values Survey // Asian Development Bank Working Paper Series. 2010. No. 229; Jaffrelot C., Veer P. van der (eds). Patterns of Middle Class Consumption in India and China. L.: Sage, 2012; Doepke M., Zilibotti F . Social Class and the Spirit of Capitalism // Journal of the European Economic Association. 2005. Vol. 3 (2–3). Р. 516–524; Drabble S., Hoorens S., Khodyakov D., Ratzmann N., Yaqub O. The Rise of the Global Middle Class: Global Social Trends to 2030 // Rand Corporation. Thematic Report 6. 2015; Eldaeva N., Khakhlova O., Lebedinskaya O., Sibirskaya E. Statistical Evaluation of Middle Class in Russia // Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 2015. Vol. 6 (3). Р. 125–134; Johnson S.D., Kandogan Y . The Role of Economic and Political Freedom in the Emergence of Global Middle Class // International Business Review. 2016. Vol. 25 (3). Р. 711–725; Lufumpa C.L., Ncube M. The Emerging Middle Class in Africa. N.Y.: Routledge, 2016, а также в любых популярных изданиях, какие только вам доведется взять в руки. В одной из неудавшихся попыток определения среднего класса делается вывод, что он крайне важен для демократии, экономики и общества, несмотря на невозможность его определения: Billitteri T. Middle Class Squeeze // CQ Press. 2009. Р. 9–19.

Некоторые из этих проблем были выявлены среди «западных средних классов» в работе: Chauvel L., Hartung A. Malaise in the Western Middle Classes // World Social Science Report. 2016. Р. 164–169, а также среди средних классов в ряде незападных стран: Banerjee A.V., Duflo E . What Is the Middle Class About?..; Burger R., Louw M., Oliveira Pegado B.B.I. de, Berg S. van der. Understanding Consumption Patterns of the Established and Emerging South African Black Middle Class // Development South Africa. 2015. Vol. 32 (1). Р. 41–56; Chen J. A Middle Class without Democracy: Economic Growth and the Prospects of Democratization in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013; Cohen S. Searching for a Different Future. Durham: Duke University Press, 2004; Duarte A. The Short Life of the New Middle Class in Portugal // International Research Journal of Arts and Social Science. 2016. Vol. 3 (2). Р. 47–57; Embong A.R. State Led Mobilization and the New Middle Class in Malaysia. L.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002; Fernandes L. India’s New Middle Class. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006; James D. “Deeper into a Hole?” Borrowing and Lending in South Africa // Current Anthropology. Vol. 55 (S9). Р. 17–29; James D . Money for Nothing: Indebtedness and Aspiration in South Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015; Koo H. The Global Middle Class: How Is It Made, What Does It Represent?..; MacLennan M., Margalhaes B.J . (eds). Poverty in Focus // Bureau for Development Policy (UNDP). 2014. Vol. 26; Melber H. (ed.). The Rise of Africa’s Middle Class…; Osburg J. Anxious Wealth: Money and Morality Among China’s New Rich. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013; Owensby B.P. Intimate Ironies: Modernity and the Making of Middle-Class Lives in Brazil. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999; Rocca J.L . The Making of the Chinese Middle Class: Small Comfort and Great Expectations // The Sciences Po Series in International Relations and Political Economy 2017. Shakow M. Along the Bolivian Highway: Social Mobility and Political Culture in a New Middle Class. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014; Sumich J. The Uncertainty of Prosperity: Dependence and the Politics of Middle-Class Privilege in Maputo // Ethnos. 2015. Vol. 80 (1). Р. 1–21; Sumner A., Wietzke F.B . What Are the Political and Social Implications of the “New Middle Classes” in Developing Countries? // International Development Institute Working Paper. 2014. No. 3; Wessel M. van. Talking about Consumption: How an Indian Middle Class Dissociates from Middle-Class Life // Cultural Dynamics. 2004. Vol. 16 (1). Р. 93–116; Freeman C., Heiman R., Liechty M. (eds). Charting an Anthropology of the Middle Classes. Santa Fe: SAR Press, 2012.

Русский перевод: Латур Б. «Нового времени не было». Эссе по симметричной антропологии. СПб.: Изд-во Европейского ун-та в Санкт-Петербурге, 2006. – Примеч. пер .

Хотя антропологи продемонстрировали, что в том случае, когда категория среднего класса переплетается с этническими, религиозными и гендерными атрибутами, она способна делать эти границы более резко очерченными. См., например: Zang X . Socioeconomic Attainment, Cultural Tastes, and Ethnic Identity: Class Subjectivities among Uyghurs in Ürümchi // Ethnic and Racial Studies. 2016; Burger R. et al. The Emergent Middle Class in Contemporary South Africa…; Donner H. Domestic Goddesses: Modernity, Globalisation, and Contemporary Middle-Class Identity in Urban India. L.: Routledge, 2008; Freeman C. The “Reputation” of “Neoliberalism” // American Ethnologist. 2007. Vol. 34 (2). Р. 252–267; Maqsood A . The New Pakistani Middle Class. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press, 2017; Jones C. Women in the Middle: Femininity, Virtue, and Excess in Indonesian Discourses of Middle-Classness // Heiman R., Freeman C., Liechty M. (eds). The Middle Classes: Theorizing through Ethnography. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press, 2012; Ricke A. Producing the Middle Class: Domestic Tourism, Ethnic Roots, and Class Routes in Brazil // The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology. 2017. Vol. 23 (3).

Nocera J. A Piece of the Action: How the Middle Class Joined the Money Class. N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, 2013.

Кийосаки Р. Богатый папа, бедный папа. Минск: Попурри, 2020.

См., например: Casey M.J. The Unfair Trade: How Our Broken Global Financial System Destroys the Middle Class. N.Y.: Crown Publishing, 2012; Fergus D . Land of the Fee: Hidden Costs and the Decline of the American Middle Class. Oxford University Press, 2016; Fitzgerald S.T., Kevin T.L . Middle Class Meltdown in Amee Class. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007; Hoffman P.T., Postel-Vinay G., Rosenthal J.L. Surviving Large Losses: Financial Crises, the Middle Class, and the Development of Capital Markets. L.: Harvard University Press, 2007; Madland D . Hollowed Out: Why the Economy Doesn’t Work without a Strong Middle Class. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2015; Mooney N . Not keeping up with our parents: The Decline of the Professional Middle Class. Boston: Beacon, 2008; Phillips K . Boiling Point: Republicans, Democrats, and the Decline of the Decline of Middle-Class Prosperity. N.Y.: Random House, 1993; Porter K. Broke: How Debt Bankrupts the Middle Class. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012; Sullivan T.A., Warren E., Westbrook J.L. The Fragile Middle Class: Americans in Debt. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000.

См., например: Kalb D. Expanding Class: Power and Politics in Industrial Communities, The Netherlands, 1850–1950. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997; Lem W . Articulating Class in Post-Fordist France // American Ethnologist. 2002. Vol. 29 (2). Р. 287–306; Lamont M. Money, Morals, and Manners: The Culture of the French and American Upper-Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992; Liechty M. Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class Culture in a New Consumer Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003; Liechty M . Middle-Class Déjà Vu // Freeman C., Heiman R., Liechty M. (eds). The Global Middle Classes. Santa Fe: SAR Press, 2012; Patico J. Consumption and Social Change in a Post-Soviet Middle Class. Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2008; Sumich J. The Uncertainty of Prosperity…; Truitt A . Banking on the Middle Class in Ho Chi Minh City // Van Nguyen M., Bélanger D., Welch Drummond L.B. (eds). The Reinvention of Distinction: Modernity and the Middle Class in Urban Vietnam. N.Y.: Springer, 2012; Saavala M. Middle-Class Moralities: Everyday Struggle over Belonging and Prestige in India. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2012; Maqsood A . The New Pakistani Middle Class… Кроме того, если говорить о широком ряде практических исследований, см. работы в следующих изданиях: Freeman C., Heiman R., Liechty M . (eds). Charting an Anthropology of the Middle Classes…; Li H., Marsh L.L. (eds). The Middle Class in Emerging Societies: Consumers, Lifestyles and Markets. L.: Routledge, 2016; Melber H. (ed.). The Rise of Africa’s Middle Class: Myths, Realities, and Critical Engagements. L.: Zed Books, 2016. Обзор этой литературы представлен в: Donner H. The Anthropology of the Middle Class Across the Globe // Anthropology of this Century. 2017. Vol. 18. См. также: Wacquant L . Making Class: The Middle Class(es) in Social Theory and Social Structure…, возражение на определение и отграничение среднего класса см.: Levine R.F., Fantasia R., McNall S . (eds). Bringing Class Back In. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991, а также контраргумент в: Kalb D . Class // Nonini D.M. (ed.). A Companion to Urban Anthropology. N.Y.: Blackwell, 2014; Kalb D . Introduction: Class and the New Anthropological Holism // Carrier J.G., Kalb D. (eds). Anthropologies of Class: Power, Practice and Inequality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.