Роберт Сапольски - Психология стресса

С. 418. Различие в продолжительности жизни в 5-10 лет: Wilkinson, R., Mind the Gap: Hierarchies, Health and Human Evolution (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000). Различия в несколько десятилетий: Murray, C. J. L., Michaud, C. M., et al. U.S. Patterns of Mortality by County and Race: 1965-1994 (Cambridge, Mass., Burden of Disease Unit, Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, 1998).

Сноска. Данные, касающиеся «Титаника», обсуждаются в Marmot, M., “Epidemiology of SES and health: are determinants within countries the same as between countries?” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 896 (1999): 16.

С. 419. Изменение градиента на протяжении веков: Evans, R., Interpreting and Addressing Inequalities in Health: From Black to Acheson to Blair to..? (London: OHE Publications, 2002).

С. 419. СЭС предсказывает состояние здоровья в более поздние годы жизни: Lynch, J., Kaplan, G., Pamuk, E., Cohen, R., Heck, K., Balfour, J., and Yen, I., “Income inequality and mortality in metropolitan areas of the United States,” American Journal of Public Health 88 (1998): 1074. Бедность в начале жизни: Hertzman, C., “The biological embedding of early experience and its effects on health in adulthood,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 896 (1999): 85. Обследование монахинь: Snowdon, D., Ostwald, S., and Kane, R., “Education, survival and independence in elderly Catholic sisters 1936-1988,” American Journal of Epidemiology 120 (1989): 999; Snowdon, D., Ostwald, S., Kane, R., and Keenan, N., “Years of life with good and poor mental and physical function in the elderly,” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 42 (1989): 1055. Здоровье и суммарная доля лет жизни, прожитых в бедности: Hertzman, op. cit.

С. 419. Стресс и оказание экстренной медицинской помощи: Sudnow, D., Passing On: The Social Organization of Dying (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1967). Kapral, M., Wang, H., Mamdani, M., Tu, J., “Effect of SES on treatment and mortality after stroke,” Stroke 33 (2002): 268; Goirnick, M., “Disparities in Medicare services: potential causes, plausible explanations, and recommendations,” Health Care Financial Review 21 (2000): 23.

С. 420. Несколько европейских стран: Cavelaars, A., “Morbidity differences by occupational class among men in seven European countries: an application of the Erikson-Goldthorpe social class scheme,” International Journal of Epidemiology 27

(1998) : 222. Градиент СЭС в Англии ухудшается: Susser, M., Watson, W., and Hopper, K., Sociology in Medicine, 3d ed. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1985).

С. 420. Исследование, в ходе которого бедные получали больше предварительно оплаченных медицинских услуг и все равно чаще болели: Oakes, T., and Syme, S., “Social factors in newly discovered elevated blood pressure,” Journal of Health, Society and Behavior 14 (1973): 198.

С. 420. Исследование Мармота: Marmot, “Epidemiology of SES and health,” op. cit.

С. 421. Работа Пинкуса анализируется в Pincus, T., and Callahan, L., “What explains the association between socioeconomic status and health: primarily access to medical care or mind-body variables?” Advances 11 (1995): 4.

С. 423. Люди, никогда не слышавшие о мазках РАР: Harlan, L., Bernstein, A., and Kessler, L., “Cervical cancer screening: who is not screened and why?” American Journal of Public Health 81 (1991): 885. Сноска. Образование как фактор ухудшения градиента: Asplund, K., “Down with the class society!” Stroke 34 (2003): 2628.

С. 423. Эванс: Evans, “Interpreting and addressing inequalities in health,” op. cit. Уайтхоллское исследование: Marmot, M., and Feeney, A., “Health and socioeconomic status,” in Fink, G., ed., Encyclopedia of Stress (San Diego: Academic Press, 2000), vol. 2, 313.

С. 424. Международные модели загрязнения природы: Pacala, S., Bulte, E., List, J., and Levin, S., “False alarm over environmental false alarms,” Science 301 (2003): 1187. Никакой связи между богатством и здоровьем: Marmot, “Epidemiology of SES and health,” op. cit.; Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B., Lochner, K., and Prothrow-Stith, D., “Social capital, income inequality, and mortality,” American Journal of Public Health 87 (1997): 1491. Средняя продолжительность жизни в США и Греции: Bezruchka, S., “Is our society making you sick?” Newsweek (February 2001): 26; Wilkinson, op. cit.

Сноска. Статистика о счастье: Diener, E., Oishi, S., and Lucas, R., “Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: emotional and cognitive evaluations of life,” Annual Review of Psychology 54 (2003): 403.

С. 426. Исследование Адлер: Adler, N., Epel, E., Castellazzo, G., and Ickovics, J., “Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: preliminary data in healthy white women,” Health Psychology

19 (2000): 586; Adler, N., and Ostrove, J., “SES and health: what we know and what we don’t,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 896 (1999): 3; Goodman, E., Adler, N., Daniels, S., Morrison, J., Slap, G., and Dolan, L., “Impact of objective and subjective social status on obesity in a biracial cohort of adolescents,” Obesity Research 11 (2003): 1018; Singh-Manoux, A., Adler, N., Marmot, M. G., “Subjective social status: its determinants and its association with measures of ill-health in the Whitehall II study,” Social Science and Medicine 56 (2003): 1321; Goodman, E., Adler, N. E., Kawachi, I., Frazier, A. L., Huang, B., and Colditz, G. A., “Adolescents’ perceptions of social status: development and evaluation of a new indicator,” Pediatrics 108 (2001): E31; Ostrove, J. M., Adler, N. E., Kuppermann, M., and Washington, A., “Objective and subjective assessments of socioeconomic status and their relationship to self-rated health in an ethnically diverse sample of pregnant women,” Health Psychology 19 (2000): 613.

С. 427. Фотографии женщин-моделей: Kenrick, D., Montello, D., Gutierres, S., and Trost, M., “Effects of physical attractiveness on affect and perceptual judgments: when social comparison overrides social reinforcement,” Perspectives in Social Psychology Bulletin 19 (1993): 195.

С. 427. Строительные блоки субъективного СЭС: Singh-Manoux, op. cit.

С. 428. Wilkinson, op. cit Показатели детской смертности: Lynch, J., Smith, G. D., Hillemeier, M., Shaw, M., Raghunathan, T., and Kaplan, G., “Income inequality, the psychosocial environment, and health: comparisons of wealthy nations,” Lancet 358

(2001) : 194; Hales, S., “National infant mortality rates in relation to gross national product and distribution of income,” Lancet 354 (1999): 2047; Howden- Chapman, P., and Odea, D., “Income, income inequality and health in New Zealand,” in Eckersley, R., Dixon, J., and Douglas, B., eds., The Social Origins of Health and Well-Being (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2001): 129. В США: Ross, N. A., Wolfson, M. C., Dunn, J. R., Berthelot, J. M., Kaplan, G. A., and Lynch, J. W., “Relation between income inequality and mortality in Canada and in the United States: cross sectional assessment using census data and vital statistics,” British Medical Journal 320 (2000): 898; Lynch et al., “Income inequality and mortality,” op. cit.

С. 429. Связь между неравенством доходов и здоровьем не является универсальной: Lynch et al., “Income inequality and morality,” op. cit.; Osler, M., Prescott, E., Gronbaek, M., Christensen, U., Due, P., and Engholm, G., “Income inequality, individual income, and mortality in Danish adults: analysis of pooled data from two cohort studies,” British Medical Journal 324 (2002): 13. Очень подробный обзор материалов на эту тему см. в Lynch, J., Smith, G., Harper, S., Hillemeier, M., Ross, N., Kaplan, G., and Wolfson, M., “Is income inequality a determinant of population health?: A systematic review,” The Milbank Quarterly (2004), in press. Распределение богатства в США: Bezruchka, op. cit.

С. 430. На асимптотический артефакт впервые было указано в Rodgers, G. B., “Income and inequality as determinants of mortality: an international crosssection analysis,” Population Studies 33 (1979): 343. Этот потенциальный артефакт вносит свой вклад в феномен, но не объясняет его целиком: Wolfson, M., Kaplan, G., Lynch, J., Ross, N., and Backlund, E., “Relation between income inequality and mortality: empirical demonstration,” British Medical Journal 319 (1999): 953.

С. 431. Сноска. Индекс Робин Гуда: Atkinson, A., and Micklewright, J., Transformation in Eastern Europe and the Distribution of Income (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992).

С. 431. Концепция социального капитала: Coleman, J., Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1990). Kawachi’s work: Kawachi, I., and Kennedy, B., The Health of Nations: Why Inequality Is Harmful to Your Health (New York: The New Press, 2002); Kawachi, I., and Berkman, L., “Social ties and mental health,” Journal of Urban Health 78 (2001): 458. Содежит исследование пьянства в колледжах.

С. 433. Существование в качестве невидимого члена общества: Antonovsky, A., “A sociological critique of the ‘Well-Being’ movement,” Advances 10, no. 3 (1994): 6.

С. 433. Рост преступности: обладание огнестрельным оружием: Hemenway, D., Kennedy, B., Kawachi, I., and Putnam, R., “Firearm prevalence and social capital,” Annals of Epidemiology 11 (2001): 484. Неравенство доходов предсказывает уровень преступности: Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B., and Wilkinson, R., “Crime: social disorganization and relative deprivation,” Social Science and Medicine 48 (1999): 719.

С. 433. Эванс: “Interpreting and addressing inequalities in health,” op. cit.

С. 434. Здоровье в странах Восточного блока: Evans, “Interpreting and addressing inequalities in health,” op. cit. См. также Kennedy, B., Kawachi, I., and Brainerd, E., “The role of social capital in the Russian mortality crisis,” World Development 26 (1998): 2029.

С. 435. И США серьезно вооружены: Hemenway et al., op. cit. Метафора Патнама: Putnam, R., Bowling Alone (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000).

Здоровье в США оказывается хуже даже в сравнении с теми группами населения в Канаде, у которых наблюдается сходное неравенство доходов: Lynch, “Income inequality and mortality,” op. cit.