Эрик Кандель - В поисках памяти: Возникновение новой науки о человеческой психике

О биологии эмоций в целом см.: C. Darwin, The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals (New York: Appleton, 1873); W. B. Cannon, The James – Lange theory of emotions: A critical examination and an alternative theory, Am. Psychol. 39 (1927): 106–124; W. B. Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body (New York: W. W. Norton, 1932); A. R. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1999); M. Davis, The role of the amygdala in fear and anxiety, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 15 (1992): 353–375; J. E. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996); J. Panskseep, Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); W. James, What is an emotion? Mind 9, no. 34 (1884): 188–205; C. G. Lange, Om Sindsbe Vaegelser et Psycho (Copenhagen: Kromar, 1885). Джемс перепечатал работу Ланге, в которой была изложена его теория, в своем труде “Принципы психологии” ( Principles of Psychology ), переизданном недавно в трехтомном собрании сочинений Джемса: The Works of William James, ed. F. Burkhardt and F. Bowers (1890; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981).

Другие сведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:

Cowan, W. M. & E. R. Kandel. Prospects for neurology and psychiatry, JAMA 285 (2001): 594–600.

Huang, Y.‑Y., K. C. Martin & E. R. Kandel. Both protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase are required in the amygdala for the macromolecular synthesis-dependent late phase of long-term potentiation. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000): 6317–6325.

Kandel, E. R. Disorders of mood: Depression, mania and anxiety disorders, in: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz & T. M. Jessell, eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000, стр. 1209–1226.

Rogan, M. T, M. G. Weisskopf, Y.‑Y. Huang, E. R. Kandel & J. E. LeDoux. Long-term potentiation in the amygdala: Implications for memory. Chapter 2 in: Neuronal Mechanisms of Memory Formation: Concepts of Long-term Potentiation and Beyond, ed. C. Hlscher, 58–76. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Rogan, M. T., K. S. Leon, D. L. Perez & E. R. Kandel. Distinct neural signatures for safety and danger in the amygdala and striatum of the mouse . Neuron 46 (2005): 309–320.

Shumyatsky, G. P., E. Tsvetkov, G. Malleret, S. Vronskaya, M. Hatton, L. Hampton, J. F. Battey, C. Dulac, E. R. Kandel & V. Y. Bolshakov. Identification of a signaling network in lateral nucleus of amygdala important for inhibiting memory specifically related to learned fear. Cell 111 (2002): 905–918.

Snyder, S. H. Drugs and the Brain. New York: Scientific American Books, 1986.

Tsvetkov, E., W. A. Carlezon Jr., F. M. Benes, E. R. Kandel & V. Y. Bolshakov. Fear conditioning occludes LTP-induced presynaptic enhancement of synaptic transmission in the cortical pathway to the lateral amygdala. Neuron 34 (2002): 289–300.

Cведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:

Abi-Dargham, A., D. R. Hwang, Y. Huang, Y. Zea-Ponce, D. Martinez, I. Lombardo, A. Broft, T. Hashimoto, M. Slifstein, O. Mawlawi, R. VanHeertum & M. Laruelle. Quantitative analysis of striatal and extrastriatal D2 receptors in humans with [18F] fallypride: Validation and reproducibility. In preparation.

Ansorge, M. S., M. Zhou, A. Lira, R. Hen & J. A. Gingrich. Early-life blockade of the 5 – HT transporter alters emotional behavior in adult mice. Science 306 (2004): 879–881.

Baddeley, A. D. Working Memory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

Carlsson, M. L., A. Carlsson & M. Nilsson. Schizophrenia: From dopamine to glutamate and back. Curr. Med. Chem. 11, no. 3 (2004): 267–277.

Fuster, J. M. The prefrontal cortex – an update: Time is of the essence. Neuron 30, no. 2 (2001): 319–333.

Goldman-Rakic, P. The ‘psychic’ neuron of the cerebral cortex. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 868 (1999): 13–26.

Huang, Y.‑Y., E. Simpson, C. Kellendonk & E. R. Kandel. Genetic evidence for the bi-directional modulation of synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex by D1 receptors. Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004): 3236–3241.

Jacobsen, C. F. Studies of Cerebral Function in Primates. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936.

Kandel, E. R. Disorders of thought: Schizophrenia . In: Principles of Neural Science. 3rd ed. Ed. E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz & T. M. Jessell, 853–868. New York: Elsevier, 1991.

Lawford, B. R., R. M. Young, E. P. Noble, B. Kann, L. Arnold, J. Rowell & T. L. Ritchie. D2 dopamine receptor gene polymorphism: Paroxetine and social functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Euro. Neuropsychopharm. 13, no. 5 (2003): 313–320.

Santarelli, L., M. Saxe, C. Gross, A. Surget, F. Battaglia, S. Dulawa, N. Weisstaub, J. Lee, R. Duman, O. Arancio, C. Belzung & R. Hen. Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science 301 (2003): 805–809.

Seeman, P., T. Lee, M. Chau-Wong & K. Wong. Antipsychotic drug doses and neuroleptic / dopamine receptors. Nature 261 (1976): 717–719.

Snyder, S. H. Drugs and the Brain. New York: Scientific American Books, 1986.

Schwartz, J. M., P. W. Stoessel, L. R. Baxter, K. M. Martin & M. E. Phelps. Systematic changes in cerebral glucose metabolic rate after successful behavior modification treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 53 (1996): 109–113.

Об основах психоанализа см.: C. Brenner, An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis, rev. ed. (New York: International University Press, 1973).

О работах Аарона Бека см.: J. S. Beck, Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond (New York: Guilford, 1995).

Один из примеров конструктивной критики эмпирически проверенных методов психотерапии: D. Westen, C. M. Novotny & H. Thompson Brenner, The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: Assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials, Psychol. Bull. 130 (2004): 631–663.

Другие сведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:

Etkin, A., K. C. Klemenhagen, J. T. Dudman, M. T. Rogan, R. Hen, E. R. Kandel & J. Hirsch. Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolateral amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces. Neuron 44 (2004): 1043–1055.

Etkin, A., C. Pittenger, H. J. Polan & E. R. Kandel. Towards a neurobiology of psychotherapy: Basic science and clinical applications. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 17 (2005): 145–158.

Jamison, K. R. An Unquiet Mind. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995; приведенная цитата – стр. 88–89.

Kandel, E. R. A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. Am. J. Psych. 155, no. 4 (1998): 457–469.

Kandel, E. R. Biology and the future of psychoanalysis: A new intellectual framework for psychiatry revisited. Am. J. Psych. 156, no. 4 (1999): 505–524 (см. в особенности список цитируемой в этой статье литературы).

Kandel, E. R. Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and the New Biology of Mind. Arlington, Va.: APA Publishing, 2005.

О концепции дуализма психики и мозга см.: P. S. Churchland, Brain-wise: Studies in Neurophilosophy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002); A. R. Damasio, Descartes: Error, Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (New York: Putman, 1994); R. Descartes, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, trans. E. S. Haldane & G. R. T. Ross, vol. 1 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1972); J. С. Eccles, Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self (London / New York: Routledge, 1989); M. S. Gazzaniga & M. S. Steven, Free will in the twenty-first century: A discussion of neuroscience and the law, in: Neuroscience and the Law, ed. B. Garland (New York: Dana Press, 2004), отрывок из воспоминаний Рамачандрана о его последней встрече с Криком – стр. 57.

О роли бессознательных процессов в восприятии см.: C. Frith, Disorders of cognition and existence of unconscious mental processes: An introduction, in E. R. Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, forthcoming).

О проблеме свободной воли см. там же, а также: S. Blackmore, Consciousness: An Introduction (Oxford / New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); L. Deecke, B. Grozinger & H. H. Kornhuber, Voluntary finger movement in man: Cerebral potential and theory , Biol. Cyber. 23 (1976): 99–119; B. Libet, Autobiography, in: History of Neuroscience in Autobiography, ed. L. R. Squire, vol. 1, 414–453 (Washington, D. C.: Society for Neuroscience, 1996); B. Libet, C. A. Gleason, E. W. Wright & D. K. Pearl, Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity ( readiness-potential ) : The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act, Brain 106 (1983): 623–642; M. Wegner, The Illusion of Conscious Will (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002).

Афинская академия, основанная Платоном, существует и сегодня. В 2005 году меня приняли туда в качестве иностранного члена!

Другие сведения, приведенные в этой главе, почерпнуты из следующих источников:

Bloom, P. Dissecting the right brain, Book review of The Ethical Brain, by M. Gazzaniga. Nature 436 (2005): 178–179; приведенная цитата – стр. 178.

Crick, F. C., and C. Koch. What is the function of the claustrum? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., June 30, 2005: 1271–1279.

Durnwald, M. The psychology of facial expression. Discover 26 (2005): 16–18.

Edelman, G. Wider than the Sky: The Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.

Etkin, A., K. C. Klemenhagen, J. T. Dudman, M. T. Rogan, R. Hen, E. R. Kandel & J. Hirsch. Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolat – eral amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces. Neuron 44 (2004): 1043–1055.

Kandel, E. R. From nerve cells to cognition: The internal cellular representation required for perception and action. In: Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed., ed. E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz & T. M. Jessell. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000, стр. 381–403.