Ричард Грант - Английский язык. Теория и практика. Артикль

Перед каждым нарицательным существительным должен стоять артикль.

Артикль не употребляется, если перед существительным стоит:

– притяжательное местоимение my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours, hers, ours, theirs

My (нет артикля) bicycle is very good. – Мой велосипед очень хороший.

– указательное местоимение this, these, that, those, it, such, the same

That (нет артикля) man is her father. – Тот мужчина – ее отец.

– другое существительное в притяжательном падеже

Her dog’s (нет артикля) name is Bob. – Имя ее собаки – Боб.

– количественное числительное

They have two (нет артикля) cars. – У них две машины.

– отрицание no (не not!)

I have no (нет артикля) friend. – У меня нет друга.

I am not a teacher. – Я не учитель.

Упоминая предмет впервые, мы употребляем перед ним неопределенный артикль a (an), который может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными, стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными или существительными во множественном числе неопределенный артикль опускается.

Артикль a ставится перед существительными, начинающимися с гласного звука, артикль an ставится перед существительными, начинающимися с согласного звука.

Ниже приведены неисчисляемые существительные, поделенные на несколько смысловых групп:

еда: meat, salt, bread, chocolate, soup;

жидкости: tea, coffee, lemonade, petrol, oil, shampoo;

материалы и вещества: gold, wood, sand, paper, coal;

абстрактные понятия: happiness, love, friendship, beauty;

предметы изучения и языки: chemistry, literature, Spanish;

болезни: flu, mumps, measles;

другое: money, furniture, weather.

Упоминая этот же предмет вторично, мы ставим перед ним определенный артикль the, который употребляется с исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми существительными в единственном и множественном числе.

This is a computer. The computer is new. ( computer – исчисляемое существительное в единственном числе)

This is ( нет артикля ) meat. The meat is lean. ( meat – неисчисляемое существительное)

These are ( нет артикля ) magazines. The magazines are interesting. ( magazines – исчисляемое существительное во множественном числе)

Запомните :

This is a/an … , That is a/an … , It is a/an …

I have a/an … , He has a/an … , I see a/an …

I am a/an … , He is a/an … , She is a/an …

a lot of

В восклицательных фразах, начинающихся со слова what, далее следует неопределенный артикль a/an и отсутствует вспомогательный глагол to be.

What a good boy!

What a long story!

What a day!

What a smart girl!

What a lovely view!

What a pity!

What a surprise!

Если после глаголов to have, to cook, to make, to prepare, следуют слова breakfast/lunch/tea/dinner/supper, то артикль не употребляется.

Упражнение 1

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. This is … pen. That is … pencil. 2. When is your … birthday? – My … birthday is (on) … 1st May. 3. He hasn’t got … car. But he’s got … computer. … computer is new. 4. This is … book. It is my … book. 5. Do you remember your mother’s … birthday? Yes, I do. 6. His … friends have got … cat and … dog. … dog never bites … cat. 7. Is this your … pencil? – No, it isn’t my … pencil, it is my sister’s … pencil. 8. His … uncle is generous and her … aunt is very kind. 9. This is … tree. … tree is green. 10. I have … sister. My … sister is … engineer. My sister’s … husband is … doctor. They have got two … children. 11. That … man is very clever. His … book is recognized by a lot of people. 12. I can see three … boys. … boys are playing. 13. This is … girl. This … girl is their … daughter. Their daughter’s … name is Ann. 14. They know our … address. 15. I have … bicycle. … bicycle is black. My … friend has no … bicycle.

Упражнение 2

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. That is … boy. That … boy is her … brother. Her brother’s … name is Nick. 2. Their … son speaks English very well. 3. Our … room is large. 4. This is our … flat. 5. My cousin’s … dog is small. Its … hair is curly. 6. We wrote … dictation yesterday. … dictation was long. 7. We have got … car. Our … car is not very expensive but reliable. 8. Is this … watch? – No, it isn’t … watch, it’s … pen. 9. She has two … daughters and one … son. Her … son is … pupil. 10. I have no … pet. 11. This … pen is good, and that … pen is bad. 12. Last year I gave my … mother … bracelet for her … birthday. She liked … bracelet. 13. My granny has got … headache. She has no … idea what to do. 14. I can see … pencil on your … table, but I can see no … paper. 15. My … brother’s … friend has no … dog.

Упражнение 3

Вставьте артикль , где необходимо .

1. I have … friend. His … name is Mike. My … friend is very good. 2. Give me … chair, please. 3. This … pencil is broken. Give me that … pencil, please. 4. It’s … cat. Its … tail is long and bushy. It’s Mike’s … cat. 5. They have … dog and two … cats. 6. She has … ball. … ball is … big. 7. It’s … lion. … lion is angry. 8. I have … spoon in my … soup plate, but I have no … soup in it. 9. I got … letter from my … friend yesterday. … letter was interesting. 10. My … friend says he is going to be … millionaire one … day. 11. When they were in Geneva, they stayed at … hotel. Sometimes they had dinner at … hotel and sometimes in … restaurant. 12. Would you like … orange? 13. I’ve got … idea. 14. Mr. Smith is … artist. Mrs. Smith is … poetess. She is not … singer. 15. What … surprise! Our … parents gave us … DVD player for Christmas

Запомните:

Фразы утром, днем (с 12 до 18 часов), вечером употребляются с предлогом in и определенным артиклем.

in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening

Фраза ночью употребляется с предлогом at без артикля.

at night

Фразы в школе, дома, на работе употребляются с предлогом at без артикля.

at school, at home, at work

Фраза смотреть телевизор употребляется без предлога и без артикля.

to watch TV

Упражнение 4

Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.

1. This is … pen. … pen is red. 2. I have two … sisters. My … sisters are … students. 3. These are pencils. … pencils are black. 4. We are at … home. 5. This is … soup. … soup is so tasty. 6. My … brother is not at … home, he is at … school. 7. In the morning I eat … sandwich and drink … tea. 8. My … mother is at … work. She is … doctor. 9. She gave me … coffee and … cake. … coffee was hot. … cake was very tasty. 10. I am not … doctor. 11. Do you like … ice cream? 12. He has no … sister. 13. I see … book in your … hand. Is … book interesting? 14. He is not … pilot. 15. Do you need … camera?

Упражнение 5

Вставьте артикль , где необходимо .

1. I have thirty-two … teeth. 2. He never eats … meat, he always eats … vegetables, … cereals, … seeds, … fruit, and … nuts. He is … vegetarian. 3. He has … child. 4. This is … pineapple. … pineapple is delicious. 5. She has two … children. Her children are at … school. 6. Elaine, … apples are good for you! 7. Is your father at … home? – No, he is at … work. 8. My … cousin is upset. He’s got … sore throat. 9. Where is your … brother? – He is at … home. 10. This is … cottage cheese. … cottage cheese is fresh. 11. Where is your … mother? – She is at … home. 12. She bought … meat, … butter and … potatoes yesterday. She also bought … cake. … cake was … delicious. We ate … cake and drank … tea. 13. This is my … chair. 14. This is my … table. On … table I have … books, two … pencils, … pen and … paper. 15. This is … bag. … bag is brown. It is my sister’s … bag. And this is my … bag. It is … yellow.

Запомните:

Если перед существительным употребляется прилагательное, то оно стоит между неопределенным артиклем и существительным.

This is a car. This is a new book.

Даже упоминая предмет впервые, мы, тем не менее, употребляем перед ним определенный артикль: