Стивен Хэйне - ДНК – не приговор. Удивительная связь между вами и вашими генами

Доказательство того, что культурные гендерные роли связаны с историческими сельскохозяйственными практиками с использованием плуга см.: Alesina, A., Giuliano, P., & Nunn, N. (2013). On the origins of gender roles: Women and the plough. The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 128, 469–530.

См., например: Fausto-Sterling, A. (1985). Myths of gender: Biological theories about women and men . New York, NY: Basic Books.

Более подробную информацию о жизни Давида см.: Colapinto, J. (2000). As nature made him . Toronto, ON: HarperCollins; Diamond, M. N., & Sigmundson, H. K. (1997). Sex reassignment at birth: A long term review and clinical implications. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 151, 298–304; http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dr_money_prog_summary.shtml; http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/medical_examiner/2004/06/gender_gap.html.

Reiner, W. G., & Gearhart, J. P. (2004). Discordant sexual identity in some genetic males with cloacal exstrophy assigned to female sex at birth. The New England Journal of Medicine , 333–341, 350.

См.: Maccoby, E. E. (1998). The two sexes: Growing up apart and coming together . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hassett, J. M., Siebert, E. R., & Wallen, K. (2008). Sex differences in rhesus monkey toy preferences parallel those of children. Hormones and Behavior , 54, 359–364.

Kahlenberg, S. M., & Wrangham, R. W. (2010). Sex differences in chimpanzees’ use of sticks as play objects resemble those of children. Current Biology , 20, R106–R1068.

Исследования с использованием как опросов, так и имплицитных методов показали, что трансгендерные подростки отождествляют себя со своим выраженным гендером так же, как и нетрансгендерные (цисгендерные) подростки того же самого выраженного гендера (Olson, K. R., Key, A. C., & Eaton, N. R. (2015). Gender cognition in transgender children. Psychological Science , 26, 467–474).

McConahay, J. B. (1983). Modern racism and modern discrimination: The effects of race, racial attitudes, and context on simulated hiring decisions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 9, 551–558; Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes . Psychological Review , 102, 4–27; Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Stewart, B. D. (2005). An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 89, 277–293.

Norton, A. T., & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward transgender people: Findings from a national probability sample of US adults. Sex Roles , 68, 738–753; Grant, J. M., Mottet, L. A., Tanis, J., Harrison, J., Herman, J. L., & Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at every turn: A report of the national transgender discrimination survey . Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force; Amnesty International (2001). Crimes of hate, conspiracy of silence. Torture and ill-treatment based on sexual identity . London: Author; Lombardi, E. L., Wilchins, R. A., Priesing, D., & Malouf, D. (2001). Gender violence: Transgender experiences with violence and discrimination . Journal of Homosexuality , 42, 89–101.

http://www.cnn.com/2010/LIVING/03/10/her.name.was.steven/; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Stanton/.

Grant, J. M., Mottet, L. A., Tanis, J., Harrison, J., Herman, J. L., & Keisling, M. (2011). Injustice at every turn: A report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey . Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.

См.: Bornstein, K. (1995). Gender outlaw: On men, women, and the rest of us. New York, NY: Vintage. P. 72.

См.: http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2014/02/07/lesley_stahl_shocker_men_and_women_are_different.

См.: http://www.addictinginfo.org/2012/03/08/35-hateful-and-stupid-rush-limbaugh-quotes/.

Keller, J. (2005). In genes we trust: The biological component of psychological essentialism and its relationship to mechanisms of motivated social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 88, 686–702.

Morton, T. A., Postmes, T., Haslam, S. A., & Hornsey, M. J. (2009). Theorizing gender in the face of social change: Is there anything essential about essentialism? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 96, 653–664.

Coleman, J., & Hong, Y. (2008). Beyond nature and nurture: The influence of lay gender theories on self-stereotyping. Self & Identity , 7, 34–53.

https://web.archive.org/web/20080130023006/http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2005/nber.html.

Разные взгляды на доказательства биологических факторов, лежащих в основе половых различий в науке и математике, см.: Pinker, S., & Spelke, E. (2005). The science of gender and science: Pinker vs. Spelke – A debate ( http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/debate05/debate05_index.html); Ceci, S. J., Williams, W. M., & Barnett, S. M. (2009). Women’s underrepresentation in science: Sociocultural and biological considerations. Psychological Bulletin , 135, 218–261; Miller, D. I., & Halpern, D. F. (2014). The new science of cognitive sex differences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 18, 37–45.

Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69, 797–811.

Экзамен для поступления в аспирантуру или магистратуру в США. Прим. перев.

См.: Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review , 115, 336–356.

Horton, S., Baker J., Pearce, W., & Deakin, J. (2010). Immunity to popular stereotypes of aging? Seniors and stereotype threat. Educational Gerontology , 36, 353–371; Stone, J., Perry, W., & Darley, J. (1997). «White men can’t jump»: Evidence for the perceptual confirmation of racial stereotypes following a basketball game. Basic and Applied Social Psychology , 19, 291–306; Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. M. (1998). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 35, 4–28.

Dar Nimrod, I., & Heine, S. J. (2006). Exposure to scientific theories affects women’s math performance. Science , 314, 435.

Pinker, S., & Spelke, E. (2005). The science of gender and science: Pinker vs. Spelke – A debate ( http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/debate05/debate05_index.html); Ceci, S. J., Williams, W. M., & Barnett, S. M. (2009). Women’s underrepresentation in science: Sociocultural and biological considerations. Psychological Bulletin , 135, 218–261; Miller, D. I., & Halpern, D. F. (2014). The new science of cognitive sex differences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 18, 37–45.

Moore, J., & Slater, W. (2006). The architect: Karl Rove and the master plan for absolute power . New York, NY: Crown.

Donovan, T., Tolbert, C., Smith, D. A., & Parry, J. (2005). Did gay marriage elect George W. Bush? Paper presented at the Western Political Science Association, 17–20 марта, Oakland, CA.

См.: Hegarty, P., & Pratto, F. (2001). Sexual orientation beliefs: Their relationship to antigay attitudes and biological determinist arguments. Journal of Homosexuality , 41, 121–135; Jayaratne, T. E., Ybarra, O., Sheldon, J. P., Brown, T. N., Feldbaum, M., Pfeffer, C., et al. (2006). White Americans’ genetic lay theories of race differences and sexual orientation: Their relationship with prejudice toward Blacks and gay men and lesbians. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations , 9, 77–94; Smith, S. J., Zanotti, D. C., Axelton, A. M., & Saucier, D. A. (2011). Individuals’ beliefs about the etiology of same-sex sexual orientation. Journal of Homosexuality , 58, 1110–1131; Tygart, C. E. (2000). Genetic causation attribution and public support of gay rights. International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 12, 259–275.

Haslam, N., & Levy, S. R. (2007). Essentialist beliefs about homosexuality: Structure and implications for prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32, 471–485.

http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2012/08/anti_gay_bigotry_online_analyzing_homophobic_comments_can_disarm_the_hate_.html.

Bass, L. (2007). Out of sync: A memoir. New York, NY: Simon Spotlight Entertainment.

Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Gender differences in erotic plasticity: The female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive. Psychological Bulletin , 126, 347–374; Diamond, L. M. (2008). Female bisexuality from adolescence to adulthood: Results from a 10-year longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology , 44, 5–14.

Whisman, V. (1996). Queer by choice . New York: Routledge; Savin-Williams, R. C. (1990). Gay and lesbian youth: Expressions of identity . New York: Hemisphere; Haslam, N., & Levy, S. R. (2007). Essentialist beliefs about homosexuality: Structure and implications for prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32, 471–485.

Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A., & Bloom, P. (2009). Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals. Cognition and Emotion , 23, 714–725.

Frias-Navarro, D., Monterde-I-Bort, H., Pascual-Soler, M., & Badenes-Ribera, L. (2015). Etiology of homosexuality and attitudes toward same-sex parenting. Journal of Sex Research , 52, 151–161. См. также: Falomir-Pichastor, J. M., & Mugny, G. (2009). «I’m not gay… I’m a real man!»: Heterosexual men’s gender self esteem and sexual prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 35(9), 1233–1243; Boysen, G. A., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization in response to learning about biological explanations of homosexuality. Sex Roles , 57, 755–762.