Сэмюел Стернберг - Трещина в мироздании [litres]

W. Saletan, “Don’t Fear the Frankenfish”, Slate , November 20, 2015, www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2015/11/genetically_engineered_aquabounty_salmon_safe_fda_decides.html.

A. Kopicki, “Strong Support for Labeling Modified Foods”, New York Times , July 27, 2013.

Friends of the Earth, “ FDA’s Approval of GMO Salmon Denounced ”, www.foe.orgfdas-approval-of-gmo-salmon-denounced/news/news-releases/2015-11-.

K. Saeki et al., “Functional Expression of a Delta12 Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene from Spinach in Transgenic Pigs”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101 (2004): 6361–6666.

S. P. Golovan et al., “Pigs Expressing Salivary Phytase Produce Low-Phosphorus Manure”, Nature Biotechnology 19 (2001): 741–745.

C. Perkel, “University of Guelph ‘Enviropigs’ Put Down, Critics Blast ‘Callous’ Killing”, Huffington Post Canada , June 21, 2012.

R. Kambadur et al., “Mutations in Myostatin (GDF8) in Double-Muscled Belgian Blue and Piedmontese Cattle”, Genome Research 7 (1997): 910–916.

A. C. McPherron, A. M. Lawler, and S. J. Lee, “Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Mass in Mice by a New TGF-β Superfamily Member”, Nature 387 (1997): 83–90.

A. Clop et al., “A Mutation Creating a Potential Illegitimate microRNA Target Site in the Myostatin Gene Affects Muscularity in Sheep”, Nature Genetics 38 (2006): 813–818.

D. S. Mosher et al., “A Mutation in the Myostatin Gene Increases Muscle Mass and Enhances Racing Performance in Heterozygote Dogs”, PLoS Genetics 3 (2007): e79.

M. Schuelke et al., “Myostatin Mutation Associated with Gross Muscle Hypertrophy in a Child”, New England Journal of Medicine 350 (2004): 2682–2688.

E. P. Zehr, “The Man of Steel, Myostatin, and Super Strength”, Scientific American , June 14, 2013.

L. Qian et al., “Targeted Mutations in Myostatin by Zinc-Finger Nucleases Result in Double-Muscled Phenotype in Meishan Pigs”, Scientific Reports 5 (2015): 14435.

X. Wang et al., “Generation of Gene-Modified Goats Targeting MSTN and FGF5 via Zygote Injection of CRISPR/Cas9 System”, Scientific Reports 5 (2015): 13878.

S. Reardon, “Welcome to the CRISPR Zoo”, Nature News , March 9, 2016.

A. Harmon, “Open Season Is Seen in Gene Editing of Animals”, New York Times , November 26, 2015.

C. Whitelaw et al., “Genetically Engineering Milk”, Journal of Dairy Research 83 (2016): 3–11.

D. J. Holtkamp et al., “Assessment of the Economic Impact of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus on United States Pork Producers”, Journal of Swine Health and Production 21 (2013): 72–84.

K. M. Whitworth et al., “Use of the CRISPR/Cas9 System to Produce Genetically Engineered Pigs from In Vitro-Derived Oocytes and Embryos”, Biology of Reproduction 91 (2014): 1–13.

K. M. Whitworth et al., “Gene-Edited Pigs Are Protected from Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus”, Nature Biotechnology 34 (2016): 20–22.

Center for Food Security and Public Health, “African Swine Fever”, www.cfsph.iastate.edu / Factsheets / pdfs / african_swine_fever.pdf.

C. J. Palgrave et al., “Species-Specific Variation in RELA Underlies Differences in NF-κB Activity: A Potential Role in African Swine Fever Pathogenesis”, Journal of Virology 85 (2011): 6008–6014.

S. G. Lillico et al., “Mammalian Interspecies Substitution of Immune Modulatory Alleles by Genome Editing”, Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 21645.

H. Devlin, “Could These Piglets Become Britain’s First Commercially Viable GM Animals?”, Guardian , June 23, 2015.

B. Graf and M. Senn, “Behavioural and Physiological Responses of Calves to Dehorning by Heat Cauterization with or Without Local Anaesthesia”, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 62 (1999): 153–171.

I. Medugorac et al., “Bovine Polledness – an Autosomal Dominant Trait with Allelic Heterogeneity”, PLoS ONE 7 (2012): e39477.

D. F. Carlson et al., “Production of Hornless Dairy Cattle from Genome-Edited Cell Lines”, Nature Biotechnology 34 (2016): 479–481.

K. Grens, “GM Calves Move to University”, Scientist , December 21, 2015.

N. Rosenthal and Steve Brown, “The Mouse Ascending: Perspectives for Human-Disease Models”, Nature Cell Biology 9 (2007): 993–999; www.findmice.org / repository .

B. Shen et al., “Generation of Gene-Modified Cynomolgus Monkey via Cas9/RNA-Mediated Gene Targeting in One-Cell Embryos”, Cell 156 (2014): 836–843.

H. Wan et al., “One-Step Generation of p53 Gene Biallelic Mutant Cynomolgus Monkey via the CRISPR/Cas System”, Cell Research 25 (2015): 258–261.

Y. Chen et al., “Functional Disruption of the Dystrophin Gene in Rhesus Monkey Using CRISPR/Cas9”, Human Molecular Genetics 24 (2015): 3764–3774.

Z. Tu et al., “CRISPR/Cas9: A Powerful Genetic Engineering Tool for Establishing Large Animal Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases”, Molecular Neurodegeneration 10 (2015): 35–42; Z. Liu et al., “Generation of a Monkey with MECP2 Mutations by TALEN-Based Gene Targeting”, Neuroscience Bulletin 30 (2014): 381–386.

C. Sheridan, “FDA Approves ‘Farmaceutical’ Drug from Transgenic Chickens”, Nature Biotechnology 34 (2016): 117–119.

L. R. Bertolini et al., “The Transgenic Animal Platform for Biopharmaceutical Production”, Transgenic Research 25 (2016): 329–343.

J. Peng et al., “Production of Human Albumin in Pigs Through CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knockin of Human cDNA into Swine Albumin Locus in the Zygotes”, Scientific Reports 5 (2015): 16705.

D. Cooper et al., “The Role of Genetically Engineered Pigs in Xenotransplantation Research”, Journal of Pathology 238 (2016): 288–299.

U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, “The Need Is Real: Data”, www.organdonor.gov/about/data.html.

L. Yang et al., “Genome-Wide Inactivation of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs)”, Science 350 (2015): 1101–1104.

A. Regalado, “Surgeons Smash Records with Pig-to-Primate Organ Transplants”, MIT Technology Review , August 12, 2015.

D. Cyranoski, “Gene-Edited ‘Micropigs’ to Be Sold as Pets at Chinese Institute”, Nature News , September 29, 2015.

X. Wang et al., “One-Step Generation of Triple Gene-Targeted Pigs Using CRISPR/Cas9 System”, Scientific Reports 6 (2016): 20620.

Cyranoski, “ Gene-Edited ‘Micropigs.’ ”

C. Maldarelli, “Although Purebred Dogs Can Be Best in Show, Are They Worst in Health?”, Scientific American , February 21, 2014.

Q. Zou et al., “Generation of Gene-Target Dogs Using CRISPR/Cas9 System”, Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 7 (2015): 580–583.

A. Regalado, “First Gene-Edited Dogs Reported in China”, MIT Technology Review , October 19, 2015.

A. Martin et al., “CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis Reveals Versatile Roles of Hox Genes in Crustacean Limb Specification and Evolution”, Current Biology 26 (2016): 14–26.

M. Evans, “Could Scientists Create Dragons Using CRISPR Gene Editing?”, BBC News , January 3, 2016.

R. A. Charo and H. T. Greely, “CRISPR Critters and CRISPR Cracks”, American Journal of Bioethics 15 (2015): 11–17.

B. Switek, “How to Resurrect Lost Species”, National Geographic News , March 11, 2013; S. Blakeslee, “Scientists Hope to Bring a Galápagos Tortoise Species Back to Life”, New York Times , December 14, 2015.

J. Folch et al., “First Birth of an Animal from an Extinct Subspecies ( Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica ) by Cloning”, Theriogenology 71 (2009): 1026–1034.

Один из ископаемых видов мамонта, Mammuthus primigenius ( примеч. науч. ред. ).

K. Loria and D. Baer, “Korea’s Radical Cloning Lab Told Us About Its Breathtaking Plan to Bring Back the Mammoth”, Tech Insider , September 10, 2015.

V. J. Lynch et al., “Elephantid Genomes Reveal the Molecular Bases of Woolly Mammoth Adaptations to the Arctic”, Cell Reports 12 (2015): 217–228.

J. Leake, “Science Close to Creating a Mammoth”, Sunday Times , March 22, 2015.

B. Shapiro, “Mammoth 2.0: Will Genome Engineering Resurrect Extinct Species?”, Genome Biology 16 (2015): 228–230.

Тундра – один из биотопов, хранящих и выделяющих наибольшее количество метана – одного из парниковых газов. Чтобы замедлить глобальное потепление, надо снизить выбросы метана и других соединений углерода в атмосферу. По геологическим данным, тундростепи, которые во времена мамонтов и других гигантских млекопитающих располагались на месте нынешней тундры, не так “метаногенны” – и, видимо, именно крупные звери формировали этот ландшафт. Российские ученые Сергей и Никита Зимов работают над созданием “Парка Плейстоценового периода” – обширного участка земли на широте тундры с фауной, максимально близкой к той, что была при мамонтах.