Роберт Сапольски - Биология добра и зла. Как наука объясняет наши поступки

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Критический обзор см. в: A. R. Smith et al., “The Role of the Anterior Insula in Adolescent Decision Making,” Developmental Nsci 36 (2014): 196.

К сноске: Shulman et al., “Sex Differences in the Developmental Trajectories of Impulse Control and Sensation-Seeking from Early Adolescence to Early Adulthood,” J Youth and Adolescence 44 (2013): 1.

R. Sapolsky, “Open Season,” New Yorker , March 30, 1998, p. 57.

D. Rosenberg and D. Lewis, “Changes in the Dopaminergic Innervation of Monkey Prefrontal Cortex During Late Postnatal Development: A Tyrosine Hydroxylase Immunohistochemical Study,” BP 36 (1994): 272.

B. Knutson et al., “FMRI Visualization of Brain Activity During a Monetary Incentive Delay Task,” Neuroimage 12 (2000): 20; E. Barkley-Levenson and A. Galvan, “Neural Representation of Expected Value in the Adolescent Brain,” PNAS 111 (2014): 1646; S. Schneider et al., “Risk Taking and the Adolescent Reward System: A Potential Common linkg to Substance Abuse,” Am J Psychiatry 169 (2012): 39; S. Burnett et al., “Development During Adolescence of the Neural Processing of Social Emotion,” J Cog Nsci 21 (2008): 1; J. Bjork et al., “Developmental Differences in Posterior Mesofrontal Cortex Recruitment by Risky Rewards,” J Nsci 27 (2007): 4839; J. Bjork et al., “Incentive-Elicited Brain Activation in Adolescents: Similarities and Differences from Young Adults,” J Nsci 25 (2004): 1793; S. Blakemore et al., “Adolescent Development of the Neural Circuitry for Thinking About Intentions,” SCAN 2 (2007): 130.

A. Galvan et al., “Earlier Development of the Accumbens Relative to Orbitofrontal Cortex Might Underlie Risk-Taking Behavior in Adolescents,” J Nsci 26 (2006): 6885 (рисунок в тексте взят из этого же источника). Демонстрация более единообразного и выверенного дофаминергического ответа у взрослых на награду разного размера: J. Vaidya et al., “Neural Sensitivity to Absolute and Relative Anticipated Reward in Adolescents,” PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e58708.

A. R. Smith et al., “Age Differences in the Impact of Peers on Adolescents’ and Adults’ Neural Response to Reward,” Developmental Cog Nsci 11 (2015): 75; J. Chein et al., “Peers Increase Adolescent Risk Taking by Enhancing Activity in the Brain’s Reward Circuitry,” Developmental Sci 14 (2011): F1; M. Gardner and L. Steinberg, “Peer Influence on Risk Taking, Risk Preference, and Risky Decision Making in Adolescence and Adulthood: An Experimental Study,” Developmental Psych 41 (2005): 625; L. Steinberg, “A Social Neuroscience Perspective on Adolescent Risk-Taking,” Developmental Rev 28 (2008): 78; M. Grosbras et al., “Neural Mechanisms of Resistance to Peer Influence in Early Adolescence,” J Nsci 27 (2007): 8040; A. Weigard et al., “Effects of Anonymous Peer Observation on Adolescents’ Preference for Immediate Rewards,” Developmental Science 17 (2014): 71.

M. Madden et al., “Teens, Social Media, and Privacy,” Pew Research Center, May 23, 2013, www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/Teens-Social-Media-And-Privacy/Summary-of-Findings.aspx.

A. Guyer et al., “Amygdala and Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Function During Anticipated Peer Evaluation in Pediatric Social Anxiety,” AGP 65 (2008): 1303; A. Guyer et al., “Probing the Neural Correlates of Anticipated Peer Evaluation in Adolescence,” Child Development 80 (2009): 1000; B. Gunther Moor et al., “Do You Like Me? Neural Correlates of Social Evaluation and Developmental Trajectories,” Soc Nsci 5 (2010): 461.

N. Eisenberger et al., “Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion,” Sci 302 (2003): 290; N. Eisenberger, “The Pain of Social Disconnection: Examining the Shared Neural Underpinnings of Physical and Social Pain,” Nat Rev Nsci 3 (2012): 421.

C. Sebastian et al., “Development Influences on the Neural Bases of Responses to Social Rejection: Implications of Social Neuroscience for Education,” NeuroImage 57 (2011): 686; C. Masten et al., “Neural Correlates of Social Exclusion During Adolescence: Understanding the Distress of Peer Rejection,” SCAN 4 (2009): 143; J. Pfeifer and S. Blakemore, “Adolescent Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future,” SCAN 7 (2012): 1.

J. Pfeifer et al., “Entering Adolescence: Resistance to Peer Influence, Risky Behavior, and Neural Changes in Emotion Reactivity,” Neuron 69 (2011): 1029; L. Steinberg and K. Monahan, “Age Differences in Resistance to Peer Influence,” Developmental Psych 43 (2007): 1531; M. Grosbras et al., “Neural Mechanisms of Resistance to Peer Influence in Early Adolescence,” J Nsci 27 (2007): 8040.

I. Almas et al., “Fairness and the Development of Inequality Acceptance,” Sci 328 (2010): 1176.

J. Decety and K. Michalska, “Neurodevelopmental Changes in the Circuits Underlying Empathy and Sympathy from Childhood to Adulthood,” Developmental Sci 13 (2010): 886.

N. Eisenberg et al., “The Relations of Emotionality and Regulation to Dispositional and Situational Empathy-Related Responding,” JPSP 66 (1994): 776; J. Decety et al., “The Developmental Neuroscience of Moral Sensitivity,” Emotion Rev 3 (2011): 305.

E. Finger et al., “Disrupted Reinforcement Signaling in the Orbitofrontal Cortex and Caudate in Youths with Conduct Disorder or Oppositional Defiant Disorder and a High Level of Psychopathic Traits,” Am J Psychiatry 168 (2011): 152; A. Marsh et al., “Reduced Amygdala-Orbitofrontal Connectivity During Moral Judgments in Youths with Disruptive Behavior Disorders and Psychopathic Traits,” Psychiatry Res 194 (2011): 279.

L. Steinberg, “The Influence of Neuroscience on US Supreme Court Decisions About Adolescents’ Criminal Culpability,” Nat Rev Nsci 14 (2013): 513.

Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005).

J. Sallet et al, “Social Network Size Affects Neural Circuits in Macaques,” Sci 334 (2011): 697.

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Демонстрация возможности предсказывать степень связи: N. Dosenbach et al., “Prediction of Individual Brain Maturity Using fMRI,” Sci 329 (2010): 1358.

N. Uesaka et al., “Retrograde Semaphorin Signaling Regulates Synapse Elimination in the Developing Mouse Brain,” Sci 344 (2014): 1020; R. C. Paolicelli et al., “Synaptic Pruning by Microglia Is Necessary for Normal Brain Development,” Sci 333 (2011): 1456; R. Buss et al., “Adaptive Roles of Programmed Cell Death During Nervous System Development,” Ann Rev of Nsci 29 (2006): 1; D. Nijhawan et al., “Apoptosis in Neural Development and Disease,” Ann Rev of Nsci 23 (2000): 73; C. Kuan et al., “Mechanisms of Programmed Cell Death in the Developing Brain,” TINS 23 (2000): 291.

J. Piaget, Main Trends in Psychology (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1973); J. Piaget, The Language and Thought of the Child (New York: Psychology Press, 1979).

Другие аспекты этапов развития: R. Selman et al., “Interpersonal Awareness in Children: Toward an Integration of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology,” Am J Orthopsychiatry 47 (1977): 264; T. Singer, “The Neuronal Basis and Ontogeny of Empathy and Mind Reading: Review of Literature and Implications for Future Research,” Nsci Biobehav Rev 30 (2006): 855.

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L. Young et al., “Disruption of the Right Temporal Lobe Function with TMS Reduces the Role of Beliefs in Moral Judgments,” PNAS 107 (2009): 6753; Y. Moriguchi et al., “Changes of Brain Activity in the Neural Substrates for Theory of Mind During Childhood and Adolescence,” Psychiatry and Clin Nsci 61 (2007): 355; A. Saitovitch et al., “Social Cognition and the Superior Temporal Sulcus: Implications in Autism,” Rev of Neurol (Paris) 168 (2012): 762; P. Shaw et al., “The Impact of Early and Late Damage to the Human Amygdala on ‘Theory of Mind’ Reasoning,” Brain 127 (2004): 1535.

B. Sodian and S. Kristen, “Theory of Mind During Infancy and Early Childhood Across Cultures, Development of,” Int Encyclopedia of the Soc & Behav Sci (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2015), p. 268.