Нина Пусенкова - Английский язык. Практический курс для решения бизнес-задач

Inputs involve all that you bring to the job – your education, the hours you work, level of effort, and general performance level. The output portion of the equation is generally measured in terms of the salary and fringe benefits that you receive. In some cases this could be prestige, approval, and status.

Any inequities in the relationship will be corrected as soon as they are detected. The only variable that you can manipulate is your input. So if you believe that the relationship is not in balance and that the ratio of your inputs to outputs is greater than the ratio of the comparisons, you will work to bring the relationship back into equity by reducing your inputs – increasing your absenteeism or performing at lower levels.

You can correct inequities in a number of ways. You can make the correction by changing the perception of the inputs or outputs. You may somehow rationalize your perception of the inequity. You may choose to change the comparison person or standard. Or, you may remove yourself from the situation (such as quitting your job).

Developed by Victor Vroom in the 1960s, Expectancy Theory proceeds from the assumption that behavior is based upon the expectation that this behavior will lead to a specific reward and that reward is valued.

According to expectancy theory, you must decide how hard you have to work to get an upcoming promotion. Then you must decide if you can work at that level (to get that promotion). The third link is deciding how much you value that reward (the promotion).

All three pieces of this equation determine your motivational level. You think of expectancy as the following equation:

M = E x V x I ,

where M = Motivation; E = Expectancy; V = Valence; I = Instrumentality.

Expectancy is your view of whether your efforts will lead to the required level of performance to enable you to get the reward. Valence is how valued the reward is. Instrumentality is your view of the link between the performance level and the reward. That is, whether you believe that if you do deliver the required performance, you will get the valued reward. Because this is a multiplicative relationship, if anyone of these links is zero, motivation will be zero.

You must be clear about telling your employees what is expected of them. It is critical that you tie rewards to specific performance. You must also offer rewards that your employees will value. Critical in this process is the employee’s perception of his or her performance. Employees will become demotivated when their performance does not produce the valued outcome.

You must be especially careful about building trust. Your employees must know that if they perform at the required level, you will follow through with the desired reward. Your credibility becomes a key component in this theory.

Source: www.accel-team.com

1. performance n – зд . показатели (результаты) деятельности; исполнение

perform v – действовать, выполнять, достигать

2. driver n – зд . движущая сила, двигатель

drive v – двигать

3. job n – работа, дело, труд, задание, рабочее место

4. opportunity n – возможность

5. downsizing n – уменьшение в размерах (повышение эффективности компании за счет уменьшения числа сотрудников и продажи непрофильных предприятий)

6. employee n – сотрудник, занятый

employer n – работодатель

employment n – занятость

unemployment n – безработица

unemployed n – безработный

employ v – нанимать

7. workforce n – рабочая сила

8. command-and-controlmethods– командно-административные методы

9. environment n – окружающая среда (природная или деловая), обстановка

10. empowerment n – наделение полномочиями, властью

11. team n – команда

12. reward n – награда

reward v – награждать

13. diversity n – разнообразие ( зд . рабочей силы)

diverse a – разнообразный

14. comprehensive a – всеобъемлющий, всесторонний, совокупный (в бухучете)

15. development n – развитие, разработка, совершенствование; проявка

develop v – развивать, разрабатывать, совершенствовать, проявлять

16. remuneration n – вознаграждение, оплата труда, зарплата

remunerate v – вознаграждать, оплачивать труд

17. bonus n – бонус, премия

18. medicalinsurance– медицинское страхование

19. sickleave– бюллетень

20. adherence (to) n – приверженность, соблюдение

adhere (to) v – придерживаться, соблюдать

21. occupationalsafety– производственная безопасность

22. jobsecurity– надежная занятость

23. stockpurchaseplans– поощрительные планы покупки акций компании ее сотрудниками по льготной цене

24. savingsplans– планы сбережений

25. profit-sharingprograms– программы участия в прибылях

26. outplacementservices– услуги по трудоустройству (помощь только что покинувшему компанию сотруднику в поиске новой работы)

27. redundancy n – увольнение работника в связи с сокращением рабочих мест

redundant a – уволенный работник

28. layoff n – увольнение сотрудников в связи с сокращением производства и спроса на продукцию

layoff v – увольнять сотрудников

29. affiliation n – членство, принадлежность

30. community n – община, сообщество

31. skill n – навык

skilled a – квалифицированный (рабочий)

32. assumption n – предположение; предпосылка; принятие ответственности

assume v – предполагать; создавать предпосылку; принимать ответственность

33. challenge n – вызов

challenge v – бросать вызов

challenging a – сложный, интересный

34. decision-makingprocess– процесс принятия решений

35. proactive a – предвосхищающий события

proactively adv – предвосхищая события

36. feedback n – обратная связь

37. mentor n – ментор, наставник

38. equity n – собственный капитал; обыкновенные акции; справедливость

39. input n – потребляемые ингредиенты; вход, ввод, вклад

40. output n – выпуск продукции; продукция, отдача, выход

41. benchmark n – база, ориентир, стандарт, эталон

42. benefit n – право, привилегия, льгота, польза, преимущество

beneficiary n – бенефициар

benefit v – получать привилегию, пользу, льготу, преимущество; выигрывать

beneficial a – полезный, льготный

fringebenefits– дополнительные льготы

43. absenteeism n – абсентеизм, прогул

absentee n – отсутствующий (на работе), прогульщик

44. expectancy n – ожидание, вероятность

expectation n – ожидание

expect v – ожидать

45. promotion n – продвижение (по службе или товара)

promote v – продвигать

46. credibility n – кредит доверия

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

1. What is motivation? 2. Do command-and-control methods of motivation work today? 3. What motivation theory captures all the complexity of motivation? 4. How does Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory explain what drives human behavior? 5. How did Maslow prioritize human needs? 6. What do companies do to meet the physiological needs of their employees? 7. How can safety needs be fulfilled? 8. What are social needs? 9. How can esteem needs be met? 10. Is it possible to satiate the need for self-actualization? 11. What are the key assumptions of Douglas McGregor’s theory? 12. What type of managers – X or Y – is more effective nowadays? 13. What is the essence of the Learned Needs Theory? 14. What is the best possible job for people with the dominant need for achievement, power and affiliation, respectively? 15. What is the premise of the Equity Theory? 16. How can people correct inequities? 17. What equation forms the basis of the Expectancy Theory? 18. What rewards should you offer to your employees within the framework of the Expectancy Theory? 19. What motivation theories can be effective in contemporary Russia?