Николас Уэйд - Неудобное наследство: Гены, расы и история человечества
- Название:Неудобное наследство: Гены, расы и история человечества
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- Издательство:Альпина нон–фикшн
- Год:2018
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18. Koh–ichiroYoshiura et al., “A SNP in the ABCC11 Gene Is the Determinant of Human Earwax Type,” Nature Genetics 38, no. 3 (Mar. 2006): 324–30.
Глава 5. Генетика расы
1. Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, 2d ed. (New York: Appleton, 1898), 132.
2. A. M. Bowcock et al., “High Resolution of Human Evolutionary Trees with Polymorphic Microsatellites,” Nature 368, no. 6470 (Mar. 31, 1994): 455–57.
3. Neil Risch, Esteban Burchard, Elad Ziv, and Hua Tang, “Categorization of Humans in Biomedical Research: Genes, Race and Disease,” Genome Biology 3, no. 7 (March 2002), http://genomebiology.com/2002/3/7/comment/2007.
4. Nicholas Wade, “Gene Study Identifies 5 Main Human Populations, Linking Them to Geography,” New York Times December 20, 2002.
5. Nicholas Wade, “Human Have Spread Globally, and Evolved Locally,” New York Times, June 26, 2007.
6. Noah A. Rosenberg et al., “Genetic Structure of Human Populations,” Science 298, no. 5602 (Dec. 20, 2002): 2381–85.
7. Frank B. Livingstone and Theodosius Dobzhansky, “On the Non–Existence of Human Races,” Current Anthropology 3, no. 3 (June 1962): 279.
8. David Serre and Svante Pääbo, “Evidence for Gradients of Human Genetic Diversity Within and Among Continents,” Genome Research 14 (2004),1679–85.
9. Noah A. Rosenberg et al., “Clines, Clusters, and the Effect of Study Design on the Inference of Human Population Structure,” PLoS Genetics 1, no. 6 (2005): 660–71.
10. Jun Z. Li et al., “Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome–Wide Patterns of Variation,” Science 319, no. 5866 (Feb. 22, 2008): 1100–1104.
11. Sarah A. Tishkoff et al., “The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans,” Science324, no. 5930 (May 22, 2009): 1035–44.
12. Benjamin F. Voight, Sridhar Kudaravalli, Xiaoquan Wen, Jonathan K. Pritchard, “A Map of Recent Positive Selection in the Human Genome,” PLoS Biology 4, no. 3 (Mar. 2006): 446–53.
13. Sharon R. Grossman et al., “Identifying Recent Adaptations in Large–Scale Genomic Data,” Cell 152, no. 4 (Feb. 14, 2013): 703–13.
14. Там же.
15. Joshua M. Akey, “Constructing Genomic Maps of Positive Selection in Humans: Where Do We Go from Here?” Genome Research 19, no. 5 (May 2009): 711–22.
16. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser, and Mark Stoneking, “Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing,” Current Biology 13, no. 16 (Aug. 19, 2003): 1414–17. Другой исследователь вшей, Дэвид Рид, утверждает, что верна более древняя датировка — возможно, 500 000 лет назад.
17. David López Herráez et al., “Genetic Variation and Recent Positive Selection in Worldwide Human Populations: Evidence from Nearly 1 Million SNPs,” PLoS One 4, no. 11 (Nov. 18, 2009): 1–16.
18. Graham Coop et al., “The Role of Geography in Human Adaptation,” PLoS Genetics 5, no. 6 (June 2009): 1–16.
19. Matthew B. Gross and Cassandra Kniffen, “Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines: DARC,” Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Dec. 10, 2012, http://omim.org/entry/613665.
20. C. T. Miller et.al., “cis-Regulatory Changes in Kit Ligand Expression and Parallel Evolution of Pigmentation in Sticklebacks and Humans”, Cell 131 (2007): 1179–1189.
21. Ryan D. Hernandez et al,. “Classic Selective Sweeps Were Rare in Recent Human Evolution,” Science331, no. 6019 (Feb. 18, 2011): 920–24.
22. Jonathan K. Pritchard, “Adaptation — Not by Sweeps Alone,” Nature Reviews Genetics 11, no. 10 (Oct. 2010): 665–67.
23. Hua Tang et al., “Genetic Structure, Self–Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case–Control Association Studies,” American Journal of Human Genetics 76, no. 2 (Feb. 2005): 268–75.
24. Roman Kosoy et al., “Ancestry Informative Marker Sets for Determining Continental Origin and Admixture Proportions in Common Populations in America,” Human Mutation 30, no. 1 (Jan. 2009), 69–78.
25. Wenfei Jin et al., “A Genome–Wide Detection of Natural Selection in African Americans Pre- and Post–Admixture,” Genome Research 22, no. 3 (Mar. 1, 2012): 519–27.
26. Gaurav Bhatia et al., “Genome–Wide Scan of 29,141 African Americans Finds No Evidence of Directional Selection Since Admixture,” American Journal of Human Genetics 2014, 95, 437–44.
27. Richard Lewontin, “The Apportionment of Human Diversity,” Evolutionary Biology 6 (1972): 396–97, цитируется Эшли Монтагю в “Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race,” 6th ed. (Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press/Rowman & Littlefield, 1997), 45–46.
28. Цитируется Дэниэлом Хартлом и Эндрю Кларком в “Principles of Population Genetics,” 3d ed. (Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 1997), 119.
29. Цитируется Генри Харпендингом и Аланом Роджерсом в “Genetic Perspectives in Human Origins and Differentiation,” Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 1 (2000), 361–85.
30. A. W. F. Edwards, “Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin’s Fallacy,” BioEssays 25, no. 8 (Aug. 2003): 798–801.
31. Ed Hagen, “Biological Aspects of Race,” American Association of Physical Anthropologists position statement, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 101 (1996): 569–70, www.physanth.org/association/position–statements/biological–aspects–of–race.
32. American Anthropological Association, “Statement on ‘Race,’” May 17, 1998, www.aaanet.org/stmts/racepp.htm.
Глава 6. Общества и институты
1. Norbert Elias, The Germans: Power Struggles and the Development of Habitus in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 18–19.
2. Douglass C. North, Understanding the Process of Economic Change (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 99.
3. Nicholas Wade, The Faith Instinct: How Religion Evolved and Why It Endures (New York: Penguin Press 2010), 124–43.
4. Napoleon A. Chagnon, “Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population,” Science 239, no. 4843 (Feb. 28, 1988): 985–92.
5. Robert L. Carneiro, “A Theory of the Origin of the State,” Science 169, no. 3947 (Aug. 21, 1970): 733–38.
6. Francis Fukuyama, The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011), vol. 1, p. 48.
7. Там же, с. 99.
8. “The Book of Lord Shang,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Lord_Shang.
9. Fukuyama, Origins of Political Order, 421.
10. Там же, с. 14.
11. Daron Acemoğlu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown, 2012), 398.
12. Там же, с. 364.
Глава 7. Человеческая перестройка
1. Thomas Sowell, Conquests and Cultures: An International History (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 329.
2. Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 3.
3. Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 2007), 127.
4. Там же, с. 179.
5. Там же, с. 234.
6. Nicholas Wade, Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of Our Ancestors (New York: Penguin Press, 2007), 112.
7. Clark, Farewell to Alms, 259.
8. Там же, с. 245.
9. Gregory Clark, “The Indicted and the Wealthy: Surnames, Reproductive Success, Genetic Selection and Social Class in Pre–Industrial England,” Jan. 19, 2009, www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/gclark/ Farewell%20to%20Alms/Clark%20-Surnames.pdf.
10. Ron Unz, “How Social Darwinism Made Modern China: A Thousand Years of Meritocracy Shaped the Middle Kingdom,” The American Conservative, Mar. 11, 2013, www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/how–social–darwinism–made–modern–china‑248.
11. Toby E. Huff, The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West, 2d ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 282.
12. Marta Mirazón Lahr, The Evolution of Modern Human Diversity: A Study of Cranial Variation(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 263.
13. Marta Mirazón Lahr and Richard V. S. Wright, “The Question of Robusticity and the Relationship Between Cranial Size and Shape in Homo sapiens,” Journal of Human Evolution 31, no. 2 (Aug. 1996): 157–91.
14. Richard Wrangham, interview, Edge.org, Feb. 2, 2002.
15. Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations (Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 1994), 167.
16. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011), 48–50.
17. Там же, с. 60–63.
18. Там же, с. 149.
19. Там же, с. 613.
20. Там же, 614.
21. Jonathan Gibbons, ed., 2011 Global Study on Homicide: Trends, Context, Data, (Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010.
22. Philip Carl Salzman, Culture and Conflict in the Middle East (Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2008), 184.
23. Arab Human Development Report 2009: Challenges to Human Security in the Arab Countries, (New York: United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Arab States, 2009), 9.
24. Там же, 193.
25. Martin Meredith, The Fate of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence (New York: PublicAffairs, 2005), 682.
26. Richard Dowden, Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles (New York: PublicAffairs, 2009), 535.
27. Shantayanan Devarajan and Wolfgang Fengler, Africa’s Economic Boom: Why the Pessimists and the Optimists Are Both Right,” Foreign Affairs, May — June 2013, pp. 68–81.
28. Clark, Farewell to Alms, 259–71.
29. Pomeranz, Great Divergence, 297.
30. Daron Acemoğlu and James A. Robinson, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty (New York: Crown, 2012), 73.
31. Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington, eds., Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress (New York: Basic Books, 2000), xiii.
32. Jeffrey Sachs, “Notes on a New Sociology of Economic Development,” in Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters, 29–43, (41–42 cited).
33. Nathan Glazer, “Disaggregating Culture,” in Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters, 219–31 (220–21 cited).
34. Daniel Etounga–Manguelle, “Does Africa Need a Cultural Adjustment Program?” in Harrison and Huntington, Culture Matters, 65–77.
35. Lawrence E. Harrison, The Central Liberal Truth: How Politics Can Change a Culture and Save It from Itself (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1.
36. Thomas Sowell, Migrations and Cultures: A World View (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 118.
37. Там же, с. 192.
38. Там же, 219.
39. Sowell, Conquests and Cultures, 330.
40. Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 226.
41. Там же, 57.
42. Christopher F. Chabris et al., “Most Reported Genetic Associations with General Intelligence Are Probably False Positives,” Psychological Science 20, no. 10 (Sept. 24, 2012): 1–10.
43. Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, IQ and Global Inequality (Augusta, GA: Washington Summit, 2006), 238–39.
44. Там же, с. 2.
45. Там же, с. 277.
46. Там же, с. 281.
47. Acemoğlu and Robinson, Why Nations Fail, 48.
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