Фрэнк Мартела - Wonderful Life. Размышления о том, как найти смысл жизни [litres]

Пер. Е. Цветковой.

John F. Helliwell, Richard R. Layard & Jeffrey D. Sachs, eds. World Happiness Report 2019 (New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2019). See also previous World Happiness Reports.

See Jakub Marian, “Number of Metal Bands per Capita in Europe,” https://jakubmarian.com/number-of-metal-bands-per-capita-in-europe/.

Children of Bodom – финская англоязычная группа из города Эспоо, исполняющая музыку в стиле мелодик-дэт-метал с элементами различных других направлений метала.

John F. Helliwell et al., World Happiness Report 2019.

E.g., Max Haller & Markus Hadler, “How Social Relations and Structures Can Produce Happiness and Unhappiness: An International Comparative Analysis,” Social Indicators Research 75, no. 2 (2006): 169–216; Ronald Inglehart, Robert Foa, Christopher Peterson & Christian Welzel, “Development, Freedom, and Rising Happiness: A Global Perspective (1981–2007),” Perspectives on Psychological Science 3, no. 4 (2008): 264–285.

Jon Clifton, “People Worldwide Are Reporting a Lot of Positive Emotions,” May 21, 2014. http://news.gallup.com/poll/169322/people-worldwide-reporting-lot-positive-emotions.aspx.

World Health Organization, Global Health Estimates 2015: DALYs by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2015 (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016).

Compare, for example, these two: Dheeraj Rai, Pedro Zitko, Kelvyn Jones, John Lynch & Richard Araya, “Country and Individual Level Socioeconomic Determinants of Depression: Multilevel Cross-National Comparison,” The British Journal of Psychiatry 202, no. 3 (2013): 195–203; and Alize J. Ferrari, Fiona J. Charlson, Rosana E. Norman, Scott B. Patten, Greg Freedman, Christopher J.L. Murray, et al., “Burden of Depressive Disorders by Country, Sex, Age, and Year: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010,” PLOSMedicine 10, no. 11 (2013): 61001547.

See Brett Q. Ford, Phoebe Lam, Oliver P. John & Iris B. Mauss, “The Psychological Health Benefits of Accepting Negative Emotions and Thoughts: Laboratory, Diary, and Longitudinal Evidence,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 115, no. 6 (2018): 1075–1092.

The relationship is logarithmic rather than linear, but whether there is a satiation point for life satisfaction is still debated among researchers. Positive affect has generally weaker relations with wealth and there the satiation point is more readily observed. See Daniel Kahneman & Angus Deaton, “High Income Improves Evaluation of Life But Not Emotional Well-Being,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, no. 38 (2010): 16489–16493; Eugenio Proto & Aldo Rustichini, “A Reassessment of the Relationship Between GDP and Life Satisfaction,” FLOS ONE 8, no. 11 (2013): 679358; and Daniel W. Sacks, Betsy Ayer Stevenson & Justin Wolfers, “The New Stylized Facts About Income and Subjective Well Being,” Emotion 12, no. 6 (2012): 1181–1187.

Andrew T. Jebb, Louise Tay, Ed Diener & Shigehiro Oishi, “Happiness, Income Satiation and Turning Points Around the World,” Nature Human Behaviour, no. 1 (2018): 33–38.

Jonathan Haidt, Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 89.

Консьюмеризм – здесь: культ потребления, потребительство.

Chuck Palahniuk, Fight Club (London: Vintage Books, 2010), 149.

Statista, “Media Advertising Spending in the United States from 2015 to 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars),” March 28, 2019, https://www.statista.com/statistics/272314/advertising-spending-in-the-us/.

Секулярный – свободный от церковного влияния; светский.

Здесь: особенность поведения, мысли.

Barry Schwartz, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less (New York: HarperCollins, 2004).

Herbert A. Simon, “Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment,” Psychological Review 63, no. 2 (1956): 129–138. Simon contrasts the strategies of “satisfice” and “optimize.”

See Nathan N. Cheek & Barry Schwartz, “On the Meaning and Measurement of Maximization,” Judgment and Decision Making 11, no. 2 (2016): 126–146.

Samantha J. Heintzelman & Laura A. King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful,” American Psychologist 69, no. 6 (2014): 561–574.

The Health and Retirement Study, an ongoing longitudinal study of Americans over age 50 sponsored by the National Institute on Aging at the University of Michigan, http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/. These results are reported in Heintzelman & King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful.”

Rosemarie Kobau, Joseph Sniezek, Matthew M. Zack, Richard E. Lucas & Adam Burns, “Well-Being Assessment: An Evaluation of Well-Being Scales for Public Health and Population Estimates of Well-Being Among US Adults,” Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 2 (2010): 272–297.

Oishi & Diener, “Residents of Poor Nations.”

Fei-Hsiu Hsiao, Guey-Mei Jow, Wen-Hung Kuo, King-Jen Chang, Yu-Fen Liu, Rainbow T. Ho, et al., “The Effects of Psychotherapy on Psychological Well-Being and Diurnal Cortisol Patterns in Breast Cancer Survivors,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 81 (2012): 173–182.

Heintzelman & King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful,” 567.

Sometimes people might be disillusioned and unreliable reporters of their own emotional states so we should take their reports with a grain of salt. But there is no evidence of bias so systematic that it would render subjective reports totally worthless, most of the time they probably are relatively accurate. See, e.g., OECD, OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-Being (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2013). Be that as it may, I side with the psychologists in focusing on the experienced meaning of people rather than believing there to be some outside standard that can be used to judge the meaningfulness of people’s existence no matter their own experience.

Пер. Е. Цветковой.

Jon H. Kaas, “The Evolution of Brains from Early Mammals to Humans,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 4, no. 1 (2013): 33–45. Also see Joseph R. Burger, Menshian A. George, Claire Leadbetter & Farhin Shaikh, “The Allometry of Brain Size in Mammals,” Journal of Mammalogy 100, no. 2 (2019): 276–283.

Юваль Ной Харари – израильский военный историк-медиевист, профессор исторического факультета Еврейского университета в Иерусалиме, автор международного бестселлера «Sapiens: Краткая история человечества».

Yuval Harari, Sapiens. A Brief History of Humankind (New York: Harper, 2015).

See William A. Roberts, “Are Animals Stuck in Time?” Psychological Bulletin 128, no. 3 (2002): 473–489. Although see also William A. Roberts, “Mental Time Travel: Animals Anticipate the Future,” Current Biology 17, no. 11 (2007): R418–R420, where evidence is reviewed for the capability of some animals to anticipate the future and have episodic-like memories. As with most things separating humans from animals, instead of a clear dichotomy, humans just have much more of what some animals have little of.

Antti Kauppinen, “Meaningfulness and Time,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 84, no. 2 (2012): 345–377, 368.

Нейровизуализация – общее название нескольких методов, позволяющих визуализировать структуру, функции и биохимические характеристики мозга. Включает компьютерную томографию, магниторезонансную томографию и т. п.

Adam Waytz, Hal E. Hershfield & Diana I. Tamir, “Mental Simulation and Meaning in Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 108, no. 2 (2015): 336–355, study 1.

Human sociality and living in large tribes most probably had much to do with why we developed the unique capacity for reflection as, e.g., Dunbar has argued. Also the need for justification most probably had much to do with the need to justify our actions to others as, e.g., Haidt has argued. See Robin I. M. Dunbar, “The Social Brain Hypothesis,” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 6, no. 5 (1998): 178–190. And Jonathan Haidt, “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment,” Psychological Review 108 (2001): 814–834.

See Frank Martela & Michael F. Steger, “The Meaning of Meaning in Life: Coherence, Purpose, and Significance as the Three Facets of Meaning,” Journal of Positive Psychology, 11, no. 5 (2016): 531–545.

Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Avon Books, 1965), p. viii. The first edition of the book was published in 1941.

Fromm, Escape from Freedom, xii.

Пер. А.В. Александрова.

Michael F. Steger, Yoshito Kawabata, Satoshi Shimai & Keiko Otake, “The Meaningful Life in Japan and the United States: Levels and Correlates of Meaning in Life,” Journal of Research in Personality 42, no. 3 (2008), 660–678.

Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007). The description of the worldview of people living in the 1500s is mainly based on chapter 1 of Taylor’s book.

Taylor, A Secular Age, 42, based on Stephen Wilson, The Magical Universe (London: Hambledon & London, 2004).

Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971).

There is, of course, a big leap in worldviews between belief in local spirits and one omnipotent creator God, but we have no space to go through the so-called axial revolution and how that transformed our worldviews.

Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, trans. Robert C. Bartlett & Susan D. Collins (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2012).

Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, no6a:i7–24.