Фрэнк Мартела - Wonderful Life. Размышления о том, как найти смысл жизни [litres]

Тайлер Стиллман – профессор менеджмента и маркетинга университет штата Юта, США. Специализация: социальная психология, предпринимательство, принятие решения, психология покупателя.

Lambert et al., “Family as a Salient Source of Meaning”; Nathaniel M. Lambert, Tyler F. Stillman, Joshua A. Hicks, Shanmukh Kamble, Roy F. Baumeister & Frank D. Fincham, “To Belong Is to Matter: Sense of Belonging Enhances Meaning in Life,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39, no. 11 (2013): 1418–1427; Martela et al., “Meaningfulness as Satisfaction of Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness, and Beneficence.”

Перевод Е. Цветковой.

В своем бестселлере «Затворничество: падение и взлет американского общества» (Bowling Alone) американский политолог, профессор Гарвардского университета Роберт Патнэм указывает, что в последние несколько десятилетий уровень социализации заметно сокращается. Посещение клубных встреч сократилось на 58 %, время семейных ужинов – на 43 %, количество приглашений друзей – на 35 %.

Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001). For a critique, see, e.g., Claude S. Fischer, “Bowling Alone: What’s the Score?” Social Networks 27, no. 2 (2001), 155–167.

Juri Allik & Anu Realo, “Individualism-Collectivism and Social Capital,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 35, no. 1 (2004): 29–49, 34–35.

I heard the story for first time from Hintsa’s friend and colleague Juha Akras. It is also told in Aki Hintsa & Oskari Saari’s book, The Core: Better Life, Better Performance, trans. D. Robinson (Helsinki: WSOY, 2015), 196–198.

Leena Valkonen, “What Is a Good Father or Good Mother Like? Fifth and Sixth Graders’ Conceptions of Parenthood / Millainen on Hyva Aiti Tai Isa? Viides Ja Kuudesluokkalaisten Lasten Vanhemmuuskasityk-set,” (Jyvaskyla: University of Jyvaskyla, 2006), 42. Also quoted in Hintsa & Saari, The Core.

Frank Martela, “Meaningfulness as Contribution,” The Southern Journal of Philosophy 55, no. 2 (2017): 232–256.

Frank Martela & Richard M. Ryan, “Prosocial Behavior Increases Well-Being and Vitality Even Without Contact with the Beneficiary: Causal and Behavioral Evidence,” Motivation and Emotion 40, no. 3 (2016), 351–357.

See, e.g., Blake A. Allan, Ryan D. Duffy & Brian Collisson, “Helping Others Increases Meaningful Work: Evidence from Three Experiments,” Journal of Counseling Psychology 65, no. 2 (2017), 155–165. Daryl R. Van Tongeren, Jeffrey D. Green, Don E. Davis, Joshua N. Hook & Timothy L. Hulsey, “Prosociality Enhances Meaning in Life,” The Journal of Positive Psychology 11, no. 3 (2016), 225–236.

Перевод Е. Цветковой.

This section is based on a blog post I wrote that was originally published by Scientific American Observations entitled “Exercise, Eat Well, Help Others: Altruism’s Surprisingly Strong Help Impact” (September 7, 2018), https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/exercise-eat-well-help-others-altruisms-surprisingly-strong-health-impact/.

Ashley V. Whillans, Elizabeth W. Dunn, Gillian M. Sandstrom, Sally S. Dickerson & Kenneth M. Madden, “Is Spending Money on Others Good for Your Heart?” Health Psychology 35, no. 6 (2016), 574–583.

Систолическое давление (первая и более высокая цифра) – это давление крови, регистрируемое в камерах сердца и в артериях при сокращении сердечной мышцы (систолы). Диастолическое давление (вторая, нижняя цифра) – это давление крови, регистрируемое в камерах сердца и в артериях при расслаблении сердечной мышцы (диастолы).

Stephanie L. Brown, Randolph M. Nesse, Amiram D. Vinokur & Dylan M. Smith, “Providing Social Support May Be More Beneficial Than Receiving It: Results from a Prospective Study of Mortality,” Psychological Science 14, no. 4 (2003), 320–327.

Morris A. Okun, Ellen Wan Yeung & Stephanie L. Brown, “Volunteering by Older Adults and Risk of Mortality: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychology and Aging 28, no. 2 (2013), 564–577.

Michael J. Poulin, Stephanie L. Brown, Amanda J. Dillard & Dylan M. Smith, “Giving to Others and the Association Between Stress and Mortality,” American Journal of Public Health 103, no. 9 (2013), 1649–1655.

Stephanie L. Brown, Dylan M. Smith, Richard Schulz, Mohammed U. Kabeto, Peter A. Ubel, Michael Poulin, et al., “Caregiving Behavior Is Associated with Decreased Mortality Risk,” Psychological Science 20, no. 4 (2009), 488–494.

Elizabeth W. Dunn, Lara B. Aknin & Michael I. Norton, “Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness,” Science 319, no. 5870 (2008), 1687–1688.

Lara B. Aknin, Christopher P. Barrington-Leigh, Elizabeth W. Dunn, John F. Helliwell, Justine Burns, Robert Biswas-Diener, et al., “Prosocial Spending and Well-Being: Cross-Cultural Evidence for a Psychological Universal,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104, no. 4 (2013), 635–652.

Lara B. Aknin, Tanya Broesch, J. Kiley Hamlin & Julia W. Van de Vondervoort, “Prosocial Behavior Leads to Happiness in a Small-Scale Rural Society,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144, no. 4 (2015), 788–795.

Jorge Moll, Frank Krueger, Roland Zahn, Matteo Pardini, Ricardo de Oliveira-Souza & Jordan Grafman, “Human Fronto-Mesolimbic Networks Guide Decisions About Charitable Donation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 42 (2006), 15623–15628.

Перевод Е. Цветковой.

Amy Wrzesniewski & Jane E. Dutton, “Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees as Active Crafters of Their Work,” The Academy of Management Review 26, no. 2 (2001), 179–201,191.

Adam Grant, “8 Ways to Say No Without Ruining Your Reputation,” Huffington Post, March 12, 2014. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/8-ways-to-say-no-without_b_4945289.

Netta Weinstein & Richard M. Ryan, “When Helping Helps: Autonomous Motivation for Prosocial Behavior and Its Influence on Well-Being for the Helper and Recipient,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98, no. 2 (2010): 222–244.

Martela et al., “Meaningfulness as Satisfaction of Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness, and Beneficence”; Martela & Riekki, “Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness, and Beneficence.”

Richard Taylor, “The Meaning of Life,” in Life and Meaning: A Philosophical Reader, ed. Oswald Hanfling, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988), 39–48.

Lawrence C. Becker, “Good Lives: Prolegomena,” Social Philosophy and Policy 9, no. 2 (1992), 15–37, 20.

Letter from Tolstoy to N. N. Strakhov, April, 1876. Quoted in George Gibian, ed., Anna Karenina. A Norton Critical Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company), 751.

Rebecca J. Schlegel, Joshua A. Hicks, Laura A. King & Jamie Arndt, “Feeling Like You Know Who You Are: Perceived True Self-Knowledge and Meaning in Life,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 6 (2011), 745–756.

See, e.g., Rebecca J. Schlegel, Joshua A. Hicks, Jamie Arndt & Laura A. King, “Thine Own Self: True Self-Concept Accessibility and Meaning in Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96, no. 2 (2009), 473–490.

Самоактуализация – стремление человека к наиболее полному выявлению и развитию своих личностных возможностей. В некоторых направлениях современной западной психологии самоактуализация выдвигается на роль главного мотивационного фактора в противовес бихевиоризму и фрейдизму, считающим, что поведением личности движут биологические силы, а его смысл заключается в разрядке создаваемого ими напряжения и приспособлении к среде. Подлинная самоактуализация предполагает наличие благоприятных социально-исторических условий. В психологии и педагогике гуманистического направления утверждается, что только с помощью самоактуализации человеку возможно реализовать себя, обрести смысл своего существования, стать тем, кем он способен стать, «а не тем, кем ему навязывают быть окружающие».

See Ryan & Deci, Self-Determination Theory.

E.g., Valery Chirkov, Richard M. Ryan, R. M., Youngmee Kim & Ulas Kaplan, “Differentiating Autonomy from Individualism and Independence: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Internalization of Cultural Orientations and Well-Being,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84, no. 1 (2003), 97–110; Beiwen Chen, Maarten Vansteenkiste, Wim Beyers, Liesbet Boone, Edward L. Deci, Jolene Van der Kaap-Deeder, et al., “Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction, Need Frustration, and need Strength Across Four Cultures,” Motivation and Emotion 39, no. 2 (2015), 216–236.

Chirkov et al., “Differentiating Autonomy from Individualism and Independence.”

Авторы теории самодетерминации.

Richard M. Ryan & Edward L. Deci, “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being,” American Psychologist 55, no. 1 (2000), 68–78.

Robert Wuthnow, Acts of Compassion: Caringfor Others and Helping Ourselves (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991).