Ульрих Бозер - Как научиться учиться [Навыки осознанного усвоения знаний]

13. J. D. Karpicke and J. R. Blunt, «Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping», Science 331, no. 6018 (2011).

14. Я обязан автору Брюсу Шнейеру, который приводит сходный аргумент в отношении безопасности. Конкретные описанные мной этапы были сформулированы на основании работ многих авторов, посвященных различным стадиям обучения, в том числе Барри Циммермана, Рут Кларк, Джона Флавелла и Кеннета Кьевры. Цитата об обучении как инструменте выживания взята из: Robert A. Bjork, John Dunlosky, and Nate Kornell, «Self-Regulated Learning: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions», Annual Review of Psychology 64, no. 1 (January 3, 2013): 417–444, doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143823.

Dunlosky, John, et al. «Improving Students' Learning with Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions from Cognitive and Educational Psychology.» Psychological Science in the Public Interest 14, no. 1 (2013): 4–58.

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Kramarski, Bracha. «Promoting Teachers' Algebraic Reasoning and Self-Regulation with Metacognitive Guidance.» Metacognition and Learning 3, no. 2 (2008): 83.

Kramarski, Bracha, and Tali Revach. «The Challenge of Self-Regulated Learning in Mathematics Teachers' Professional Training.» Educational Studies in Mathematics 72, no. 3 (2009): 379–399.

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Plant, E. Ashby, K. Anders Ericsson, Len Hill, and Kia Asberg. «Why Study Time Does Not Predict Grade Point Average Across College Students: Implications of Deliberate Practice for Academic Performance.» Contemporary Educational Psychology 30, no. 1 (2005): 96–116.

Yan, Veronica. Learning Concepts and Categories from Examples: How Learners' Beliefs Match and Mismatch the Empirical Evidence . University of California, Los Angeles: Pro Quest Dissertations Publishing, 2014.

Zimmerman, Barry J. «Self-Regulated Learning, an Overview.» Educational Psychologist 25, no. 1 (1990): 3–17.

1. Aaron C. Kay et al., «Material Priming: The Influence of Mundane Physical Objects on Situational Construal and Competitive Behavioral Choice», Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 95, no. 1 (2004): 83–96.

2. Chris S. Hulleman and Judith M. Harackiewicz, «Making Education Relevant: Increasing Interest and Performance in High School Science Classes», Science 326, no. 598 (2009): 1410–1412. Также см.: Judith M. Harackiewicz et al., «Helping Parents to Motivate Adolescents in Mathematics and Science: An Experimental Test of a Utility-Value Intervention», Psychological Science 28, no. 8 (2012): 899–906.

3. Ryan Mac, David M. Ewalt, and Max Jedeur-Palmgren, «Inside the Post-Minecraft Life of Billionaire Gamer God Markus Persson», Forbes (March 2015), http://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2015/03/03/minecraft-markus-persson-life-after-microsoft-sale/(дата обращения: 27.10.2016); Tracy McVeigh, «Minecraft: How a Game with No Rules Changed the Rules of the Game Forever», Guardian , November 16, 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/nov/16/minecraft-game-no-rules-changed-gaming; и Nick Statt, «Markus 'Notch' Persson: The Mind behind Minecraft (Q&A)», CNET (November 2013), https://www.cnet.com/news/markus-notch-persson-the-mind-behind-minecraft-q-a/(дата обращения: 27.10.2016). Цитата из биографов — из статьи в Guardian . Цитата из Перссона — по статье из CNET.

4. Clive Thompson, «The Sims: Suburban Rhapsody», Psychology Today (November 2003), http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200311/the-sims-suburban-rhapsody(дата обращения: 27.10.2016).

5. Tom Rath, Are You Fully Charged? The 3 Keys to Energizing Your Work and Life, Kindle edition (Arlington, VA: Mission Day LLC, 2015). Цитаты из Вржесневски и высказывания уборщиков даны по: David Zax, «Want to Be Happier at Work? Learn How from These 'Job Crafters,'» Fast Company , June 3, 2013, https://www.fastcompany.com/3011081/innovation-agents/want-to-be-happier-at-work-learn-how-from-these-job-crafters(дата обращения: 18.09.2016).

6. Amy Wrzesniewski, Justin M. Berg, and Justin Dutton, «Managing Yourself: Turn the Job You Have into the Job You Want», Harvard Business Review, June 1, 2010, https://hbr.org/2010/06/managing-yourself-turn-the-job-you-have-into-the-job-you-want(дата обращения: 18.09.2016). Также см.: Lora Kolodny, «The Latest Approach to Employee Training», Wall Street Journal, March 14, 2016, Business section, http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-latest-approach-to-employee-training-1457921560?tesla=y.

7. Erika A. Patall, Harris Cooper, and Susan R. Wynn, «The Effectiveness and Relative Importance of Choice in the Classroom», Journal of Educational Psychology 102, no. 4 (2010): 896. Обратите внимание, что слишком широкий выбор, особенно на ранних стадиях процесса обучения, дает ограниченные результаты, см.: Richard E. Clark, Paul A. Kirschner, and John Sweller, «Putting Students on the Path to Learning: The Case for Fully Guided Instruction», American Educator (Spring 2012): 7–11.

8. Пионером работ о поиске был Яак Панксепп. Цитата из него дана по: Emily Yoffe, «Seeking», Slate ( August 12, 2009), http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2009/08/seeking.html(дата обращения: 18.09.2016).

9. Kenneth E. Barron and Chris S. Hulleman, «Is There a Formula to Help Understand and Improve Student Motivation?» Essays from Excellence in Teaching 8 (2006), на сайте Society for the Teaching of Psychology, http://list.kennesaw.edu/archives/psychteacher.html(дата обращения: 07.08.2006).

10. Suzanne Hidi and K. Ann Renninger, «The Four-Phase Model of Interest Development», Educational Psychologist 41, no. 2 (2006): 111–127.

11. Информация о программе Posse, взята из разных источников, в том числе: Adam Bryant, «Deborah Bial of the Posse Foundation: Success Isn't Always about You», New York Times , October 4, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/05/business/deborah-bial-of-the-posse-foundation-success-isnt-always-about-you.html(дата обращения: 13.09.2016).

12. «Quick Facts», The Posse Foundation, http://www.possefoundation.org/quick-facts(дата обращения: 13.09.2016).

13. David Figlio, «Names, Expectations, and the Black-White Test Score Gap», no. 11195, National Bureau of Economic Research (March 2005).

14. Более подробно о влиянии социальных связей на обучение: C. Kirabo Jackson, «Can Higher-Achieving Peers Explain the Benefits to Attending Selective Schools? Evidence from Trinidad and Tobago», Journal of Public Economics Elsevier 108 (December 2013): 63–77. Также см.: «The Friends Factor: How Students' Social Networks Affect Their Academic Achievement and Well-Being», National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper no. 18430 (October 2012) и «The Effect of Social Networks on Students' Academic and Non-Cognitive Behavioral Outcomes: Evidence from Conditional Random Assignment of Friends in School», University of Warwick and Hebrew University Working Paper (May 2015).

15. Daena Goldsmith and Terrance Albrecht, «The Impact of Supportive Communication Networks on Test Anxiety and Performance», Communication Education 42, no. 2 (1993): 142–158.

16. K. Desender, S. Beurms, and E. Van den Bussche, «Is Mental Effort Exertion Contagious?» Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 23, no. 2 (2015): 624–31, doi: 10.3758/s13423-015-0923-3. Впервые я наткнулся на эту идею в: «Why Coffee Shops Boost Concentration», Association for Psychological Science, http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/minds-business/why-coffee-shops-boost- с oncentration.html(дата обращения: 26.09.2016).

17. «WamaLTC: Club», WamaLTC, July 7, 2001, http://wamaltc.org/club.html(дата обращения: 26.09.2016).

18. B. Givvin, J. W. Stigler, & B. Thompson (2011), «What Community College Developmental Mathematics Students Understand about Mathematics, Part 2: The Interviews», The MathAMATYC Educator , vol. 2, no. 3, 4–18. Перепечатано с согласия авторов.

19. Подробнее о памяти как сети дорог см.: Jill Stamm and Paula Spencer, Bright from the Start: The Simple, Science-Backed Way to Nurture Your Child's Developing Mind, from Birth to Age 3 (New York: Penguin, 2007).

20. Я благодарен моей сестре Кэтрин Бозер и Максу Маклюру за то, что познакомили меня с ментальными счетами. О научных исследованиях этой методики см.: Michael C. Frank and David Barner, «Representing Exact Number Visually Using Mental Abacus», Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141, no. 1 (2012): 134–149. Также см.: James W. Stigler, Laurence Chalip, and Kevin F. Miller, «Consequences of Skill: The Case of Abacus Training in Taiwan», American Journal of Education 94, no. 4 (1986): 447–479; и N. Brooks, D. Barner, M. Frank, and S. Goldin-Meadow (в редактуре), «The Role of Gesture in Supporting Mental Representations: The Case of Mental Abacus Arithmetic», 2016.

21. Richard E. Mayer, How Not to Be a Terrible School Board Member: Lessons for School Administrators and Board Members, Kindle edition (Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin, SAGE Publications, 2011). См. также: Richard E. Mayer and Logan Fiorella, Learning as a Generative Activity: Eight Learning Strategies that Promote Understanding (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2015).

22. John Dunlosky et al., «Improving Students' Learning with Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions from Cognitive and Educational Psychology», Psychological Science in the Public Interest 14, no. 1 (2013): 4–58. Обратите внимание, что эффект генерирования во многом сходен с эффектом тестирования, к наиболее новым исследованиям о котором относятся: Peter C. Brown, Henry L. Roediger III, and Mark A. McDaniel, Make It Stick (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014) и Benedict Carey, How We Learn (New York: Penguin Random House, 2015).