Джон Тирни - Эффект негативности. Как способность замечать плохое трансформирует нашу реальность

229 изменение в общественном мнении:J. Huang et al., «Changing Perceptions of Harm of e-Cigarette vs Cigarette Use Among Adults in 2 US National Surveys from 2012 to 2017,» JAMA Network Open 2 (2019): e191047, doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.1047. Более недавний национальный опрос показал, что только 20 процентов взрослых американцев считали электронные сигареты безопаснее сигарет с табаком, а 50 процентов считали, что они такие же верные. А 13 % думало, что они даже вреднее. Посмотрите Rasmussen Reports, «Most Say E-Cigarettes No Healthier Than Traditional Ones,» August 16, 2018, http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/lifestyle/general_lifestyle/august_2018/most_say_e_cigarettes_no_healthier_than_traditional_ones.

229 Европейцы также получили ложную информацию: European Commission, «Attitudes of Europeans Towards Tobacco and Electronic Cigarettes,» Special Eurobarometer 458, March 2017, p. 22, https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/download/DocumentKy/79002.

229 Пробелом Оптимизма: D. Whitman, The Optimism Gap: The I’m OK – They’re Not Syndrome and the Myth of American Decline (New York: Walker, 1998).

230 пессимистично относятся к экономике: B. S. Bernanke, «How Do People Really Feel About the Economy?» Brookings, June 30, 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/ben-bernanke/2016/06/30/how-do-people-really-feel-about-the-economy/.

230 к телевизионным новостям: M. E. McNaughton-Cassill and T. Smith, «My World Is OK, but Yours Is Not: Television News, the Optimism Gap, and Stress,» Stress and Health 18 (2002): 27–33.

230 самые богатые страны:T. P. Jeffrey, «Census Bureau: 5 Richest U. S. Counties Are D. C. Suburbs; 10 of Nation’s 20 Richest Counties in D. C. Area,» CNS News, December 6, 2018, https://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/terence-p-jeffrey/census-bureau-5-richest-counties-still-dc-suburbs-10-top-20.

231 экзистенциональная угроза: I. Schwartz, «Obama: Like I Said at the Baseball Game, ISIS ‘Can’t Destroy Us,’ ‘They Are Not an Existential Threat,’ «RealClearPolitics, March 23, 2016, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/03/23/obama_like_i_said_at_the_baseball_game_isis_cant_destroy_us_they_are_not_an_existential_threat.html.

231 находится намного ниже: B. Lomborg, Global Problems, Smart Solutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014).

232 1970-е и 1980-е:C. York, «Islamic State Terrorism Is Serious but We’ve Faced Even Deadlier Threats in the Past,» Huffington Post, November 29, 2015, https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/11/28/islamic-state-terrorism-threat_n_8670458.html.

232 белые медведи вымирают:S. J. Crockford, State of the Polar Bear Report 2018 (London: Global Warming Policy Foundation, 2018), https://www.thegwpf.org/content/uploads/2018/02/Polarbears2017.pdf; M. Ridley, «The Polar Bear Problem,» The Rational Optimist, August 11, 2011, http://www.rationaloptimist.com/blog/the-polar-bear-problem/; and J. Tierney, «The Good News Bears,» New York Times, August 6, 2005, https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/06/opinion/the-good-news-bears.html.

232 Закон Патти:J. Bleyer, «Patty Wetterling Questions Sex Offender Laws,» City Pages, March 20, 2013, http://www.citypages.com/news/patty-wetterling-questions-sex-offender-laws-6766534, and T. Frank, «If a Law Has a First Name, That’s a Bad Sign,» Los Angeles Times, September 19, 2016, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-frank-named-laws-20160919-snap-story.html.

234 упражнение красной команды: M. Zenko, Red Team: How to Succeed by Thinking Like the Enemy (New York: Basic Books, 2015), and S. Koonin, «A ‘Red Team’ Exercise Would Strengthen Climate Science,» Wall Street Journal, April 20, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-red-team-exercise-would-strengthen-climate-science-1492728579.

234 журнал Science:J. Simon, «Resources, Population, Environment: An Oversupply of False Bad News,» Science 208 (1980): 1431–37.

235 пришло время проверить прогнозы: J. Tierney, «Betting on the Planet,» New York Times Magazine, December 2, 1990, https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/02/magazine/betting-on-the-planet.html.

235 выигрыш в 2010: J. Tierney, «Economic Optimism? Yes, I’ll Take That Bet,» New York Times, December 27, 2010.

235 на «Long Bets»:Long Bets: The Arena for Accountable Predictions, longbets.org, and J. Tierney, «Can Humanity Survive? Want to Bet on It?» New York Times, January 30, 2007, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/30/science/30tier.html.

235 Уорреном Баффеттом: A. Kabil, «How Warren Buffett Won His Multi-Million Dollar Long Bet,» Medium, February 17, 2018, https://medium.com/the-long-now-foundation/how-warren-buffett-won-his-multi-million-dollar-long-bet-3af05cf4a42d.

236 «заражение СМИ»: S. Towers, A. Gomez-Lievano, M. Khan, A. Mubayi, and C. Castillo-Chavez, «Contagion in Mass Killings and School Shootings,» PLoS ONE 10 (2015): e0117259, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117259.

236 пара организаций:Don’t Name Them, http://www.dontnamethem.org/, and No Notoriety, https://nonotoriety.com/.

237 Некоторые журналисты: B. Stelter, «‘No Notoriety’ Campaign to Not Name Mass Murderers Sees Progress,» CNN Business, October 2, 2015, https://money.cnn.com/2015/10/02/media/media-decisions-naming-showing-killers/index.html, and M. Follman, «How the Media Inspires Mass Shooters, and 7 Ways News Outlets Can Help Prevent Copycat Attacks,» Mother Jones, October 6, 2015, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/10/media-inspires-mass-shooters-copycats/.

241 способность человека запоминать: Plato, Plato’s Phaedrus: Complete & Unabridged Jowett Translation, trans. B. Jowett (Boston: Actonian Press, 2010), section 275, Kindle.

241 Оттоманская империя запрещала: M. M. Coşgel, T. J. Miceli, and J. Rubin, «Guns and Books: Legitimacy, Revolt and Technological Change,» University of Connecticut Department of Economics Working Paper Series 2009–12, March 2009, https://opencommons.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1256&context=econ_wpapers, and E. B. Ekinci, «Myths and Reality About the Printing Press in the Ottoman Empire,» Daily Sabah, June 8, 2015, https://www.dailysabah.com/feature/2015/06/08/myths-and-reality-about-the-printing-press-in-the-ottoman-empire.

241 запрещали еретические книги: M. Lenard, «On the Origin, Development and Demise of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum,» Journal of Access Services 3 (2006): 51–63, https://doi.org/10.1300/J204v03n04_05.

241 Газеты обвиняли: V. Bell, «Don’t Touch That Dial!» Slate, February 15, 2010, https://slate.com/technology/2010/02/a-history-of-media-technology-scares-from-the-printing-press-to-facebook.html.

242 профессор «экологии СМИ»: N. Postman, Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology (New York: Knopf, 1992), and N. Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business (New York: Viking, 1985).

242 как Смог Данных: D. Shenk, Data Smog: Surviving the Information Glut (New York: HarperOne, 1997).

242 Жизнь после Телевидения: G. Gilder, Life After Television: The Coming Transformation of Media and American Life (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992).

242 Гилдер в 1997:J. Tierney, «Technology Makes Us Better; Our Oldest Computer, Upgraded,» New York Times Magazine, September 28, 1997, https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/28/magazine/technology-makes-us-better-our-oldest-computer-upgraded.html.

243 поляризация мнения: M. P. Fiorina, Unstable Majorities: Polarization, Party Sorting & Political Stalemate (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2017); L. Boxell, M. Gentzkow, and J. M. Shapiro, «Greater Internet Use Is Not Associated with Faster Growth in Political Polarization Among US Demographic Groups,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (2017): 10612–17, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706588114; S. Iyengar, G. Sood, and Y. Lelkes, «Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization,» Public Opinion Quarterly 76 (2012): 405–31, https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfs038; and Pew Research Center, «Trends in American Values: 1987–2012,» June 4, 2012, http://www.people-press.org/2012/06/04/partisan-polarization-surges-in-bush-obama-years/.

244 сомнительным советом правительства: G. Taubes, Good Calories, Bad Calories: Fats, Carbs, and the Controversial Science of Diet and Health (New York: Knopf, 2007), and N. Teicholz, The Big Fat Surprise: Why Butter, Meat, and Cheese Belong in a Healthy Diet (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014).

244 изменили своё питание: C. D. Rehm, J. L. Peñalvo, A. Afshin, and D. Mozaffarian, «Dietary Intake Among US Adults, 1999–2012,» JAMA 315 (2016): 2542–53, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.7491, and M. Sanger-Katz, «Americans Are Finally Eating Less,» New York Times, July 24, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/25/upshot/americans-are-finally-eating-less.html.

244 книге по самоконтролю: R. F. Baumeister and J. Tierney, Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength (New York: Penguin Press, 2011): 215–37.

246 «Как было хорошо сказано, люди»:Charles Mackay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (Lexington, KY: Seven Treasures, 2008), «National Delusions,» Kindle.

(От лат. tribuo – «делю») стремление к политическому обособлению на основе родоплеменного деления.

Нетерпимость к чужому, незнакомому, иностранному.

Бихевиоральная (поведенческая) экономика – направление экономических исследований, изучающее влияние социальных, когнитивных и эмоциональных факторов на поведение в сфере экономики, принятие экономических решений отдельными лицами и учреждениями, и последствия этого влияния на рыночные переменные.