Николас Уэйд - На заре человечества: Неизвестная история наших предков

Peter Forster and Alfred Toth, «Toward a Phylogenetic Chronology of Ancient Gaulish, Celtic and Indo European,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100:9079–9084 (2003).

Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages, Cambridge University Press 2000, p. 1.

Christopher Ehret, «Language and History,» in Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 272–298; «Testing the Expectations of Glottochronology against the Correlations of Language and Archaeology in Africa,» in Colin Renfrew, April McMahon, and Larry Trask, eds., Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 2000 pp. 373–401.

Richard J. Hayward, «Afroasiatic,» in Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 79–98.

Christopher Ehret, «Language and History,» in Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 290.

Nicholas Wade, «Joseph Greenberg, 85, Singular Linguist, Dies,» New York Times May 15, 2001, p. A23.

Joseph H. Greenberg, «Language in the Americas,» Stanford University Press, 1987.

L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza, The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton University Press, 1994, pp. 317, 96.

Там же, с. 99.

L. L. Cavalli-Sforza, Eric Minch, and J. L. Mountain, «Coevolution of Genes and Languages Revisited,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 89:5620–5624 (1992).

M. Lionel Bender, in Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 54.

Пример взят из Lyle Campbell, Historical Linguistics, MIT Press 1999 p. 111.

Richard Hayward, in Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, eds., African Languages, Cam bridge University Press, 2000, p. 86.

Nicholas Wade, «Scientist at Work: Joseph H. Greenberg; What We All Spoke When the World Was Young,» New York Times, February 1, 2000, p. F1.

Joseph H. Greenberg, Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives, Volume 1: Grammar, Stanford University Press, 2000, p. 217.

Joseph H. Greenberg, Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives, Volume 2: Lexicon, Stanford University Press, 2002.

Там же, с. 2.

Nicholas Wade, «Joseph Greenberg, 85, Singular Linguist, Dies,» New York Times, May 15, 2001, p. A23; Harold C. Fleming, «Joseph Harold Greenberg: A Tribute and an Appraisal,» Mother Tongue: The Journal VI: 9–27 (2000–2001).

Johanna Nichols, «Modeling Ancient Population Structures and Movement in Linguistics,» Annual Review of Anthropology, 26:359–384 (1979).

Mark Pagel, «Maximum-Likelihood Methods for Glottochronology and for Reconstructing Linguistic Phylogenies.»

Merritt Ruhlen, The Origin of Language, Wiley, 1994, p. 115.

Tatiana Zerjal et al., «The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols,» American Journal of Hu man Genetics 72:717–721 (2003).

Ala-ad-Din 'Ata-Malik Juvaini, The History of the World Conqueror, trans. J. A. Boyle, Manchester University Press, 1958, vol. 2, p. 594.

Nicholas Wade, «A Prolifi c Genghis Khan, It Seems, Helped People the World,» New York Times, February 11, 2003, p. F3.

Yali Xue et al., «Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia,» American Journal of Human Genetics, 77:1112–1116 (2005).

В северо-западной Ирландии целых 20 % мужчин обладают особенным набором мутаций в Y-хромосоме, известным как ирландский модальный гаплотип. Фамилии у многих из них восходят к Уи Нейллам, группе династий верховных королей Ирландии, правивших северо-западом и другими областями страны приблизительно с 600 по 900 г. Имя Уи Нейлл переводится как «потомки Ниалла». Историки были склонны считать их политическим образованием, а патриарха Ниалла Девять Заложников – легендарной фигурой. Генетическое исследование дает четкие доказательства того, что Ниалл Девять Заложников существовал в действительности: это открытие столь же поразительное, как если бы легенды о короле Артуре оказались исторической правдой. Ирландский модальный гаплотип, ярлык потомков Ниалла, чаще всего встречается в северо-западной Ирландии, но кроме того – в ирландской диаспоре: им обладают не менее 1 % жителей Нью-Йорка европейского происхождения. Очевидно, не стоит воспринимать слишком скептически слова ирландцев, когда они говорят, что в их жилах течет королевская кровь. Laoise T. Moore et al., «A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland,» American Journal of Human Genetics 78:334–338 (2006).

George Redmonds, interview, April 5, 2000.

Bryan Sykes, Adam's Curse, W. W. Norton, 2004, p. 7.

Bryan Sykes and Catherine Irven, «Surnames and the Y Chromosome,» American Journal of Human Genetics 66:1417–1419 (2000).

Nicholas Wade, «If Biology Is Ancestry, Are These People Related?» New York Times, April 9, 2000, Section 4, p. 4.

Bryan Sykes, Adam's Curse, p. 18.

Cristian Capelli et al., «A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles,» Current Biology 13:979–984 (2003).

Emmeline W. Hill, Mark A. Jobling, and Daniel G. Bradley, «Y-chromosome Variation and Irish Origins,» Nature 404: 351 (2000); Nicholas Wade, «Researchers Trace Roots of Irish and Wind Up in Spain,» New York Times, March 23, 2000, p. A13; Nicholas Wade, «Y Chromosomes Sketch New Outline of British History,» New York Times, May 27, 2003, p. F2.

James F. Wilson et al., «Genetic Evidence for Different Male and Female Roles During Cultural Transitions in the British Isles,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 98:5078–5083 (2001).

Norman Davies, The Isles, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 3.

Benedikt Hallgrimsson et al, «Composition of the Founding Population of Iceland: Biological Distance and Morphological Variation in Early Historic Atlantic Europe,» American Journal of Physical Anthropology 124:257–274 (2004).

Agnar Helgason et al., «Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic Ancestry in the Male Settlers of Iceland,» American Journal of Human Genetics 67:697–717 (2000).

Agnar Helgason et al., «mtDNA and the Origin of the Icelanders: Deciphering Signals of Recent Population History,» American Journal of Human Genetics 66:999–1016 (2000).

Benedikt Hallgrimsson et al., «Composition of the Founding Population of Iceland.»

Nicholas Wade, «A Genomic Treasure Hunt May Be Striking Gold,» New York Times, June 18, 2002, p. F1.

Agnar Helgason et al., «A Population-wide Coalescent Analysis of Icelandic Matrilineal and Patrilineal Genealogies: Evidence for a Faster Evolutionary Rate of mtDNA Lineages than Y Chromosomes,» American Journal of Human Genetics 72:1370–1388 (2003).

M. F. Hammer et al, "Jewish and Middle Eastern Non-Jewish Populations Share a Common Pool of Y-chromosome Biallelic Haplotypes, " Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97:6769–6774 (2000).

Mark G. Thomas et al., «Founding Mothers of Jewish Communities: Geographically Separated Jewish Groups Were Independently Founded by Very Few Female Ancestors,» American Journal of Human Genetics 70:1411–1420 (2002).

Harry Ostrer, «A Genetic Profile of Contemporary Jewish Populations,» Nature Review Genetics 2:891–898 (2001).

Shaye J. D. Cohen, The Beginnings of Jewishness, University of California Press, 1999, p. 303.

Denise Grady, «Father Doesn't Always Know Best,» New York Times, July 7, 1988, Section 4, p. 4.

Yaakov Kleiman, «The DNA Chain of Tradition,» www.cohen-levi.org.

Karl Skorecki et al., «Y Chromosomes of Jewish Priests,» Nature 385:32 (1997).

Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, Free Press, 2001, p. 98.

Mark G. Thomas et al., «Origins of Old Testament Priests,» Nature 394:138–139 (1998).

James S. Boster, Richard R. Hudson, and Steven J. C. Gaulin, «High Paternity Certain ties of Jewish Priests,» American Anthropologist 111 (4):967–971 (1999).

Doron M. Behar et al., «Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries,» American Journal of Human Genetics 73:768–779 (2003).

Nicholas Wade, «Geneticists Report Finding Central Asian Link to Levites,» New York Times, September 27, 2003, p. A2.

Harry Ostrer, «A Genetic Profile of Contemporary Jewish Populations,» 336. Jared M. Diamond, «Jewish Lysosomes,» Nature 368:291–292 (1994).

Neil Risch et al., «Geographic Distribution of Disease Mutations in the Ashkenazi Jewish Population Supports Genetic Drift over Selection,» American Journal of Human Genetics 72:812–822 (2003).