Ребекка Хендерсон - Капитализм в огне. Как сделать эффективную экономическую систему человечной

Bailey Lipschultz and Drew Singer, «Beyond Meat Makes History with the Biggest IPO Pop Since 2008 Crisis», Bloomberg.com, May 2, 2019, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-02/beyond-meat-makes-history-with-biggest-ipo-pop-since-08-crisis.

Рассказ об Unilever и его опыте в чайном бизнесе взят из моей статьи с разбором этого случая: Rebecca Henderson and Frederik Nelleman, «Sustainable Tea at Unilever», HBS Case no. 9–712–438, November 2012.

«Tea Consumption by Country», Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/940102/global-tea-consumption/.

«Tea Market: Forecast Value Worldwide 2017–2024», Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/326384/global-tea-beverage-market-size/; Jasan Potts, et al, The State of Sustainability Initiatives Review 2014: Standards and the Green Economy (Winnipeg, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2014), www.iisd.org/pdf/2014/ssi_2014.pdf; и «Unilever’s Tea Beverages Market Share Worldwide 2012–2021», Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/254626/unilevers-tea-beverages-market-share-worldwide/.

www.walmart.com/ip/Lipton-lOO-Natural-Tea-Black-Tea-Bags-lOO-ct/10307788.

Jason Clay, World Agriculture and the Environment (Washington, DC: Island Press), 102–103.

Rachel Arthur, «Tea Production Rises: But FAO Warns of Climate Change Threat», Beveragedaily.com, William Reed Business Media Ltd., May 30, 2018, www.beveragedaily.com/Article/2018/05/30/Tea-production-rises-but-FAO-warns-of-climate-change-threat.

Alan Kroeger et al., «Eliminating Deforestation from the Cocoa Supply Chain» (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2017).

Columbia Law School Human Rights Institute, The More Things Change, Jan. 2014, https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/human-rights-institute/files/tea_report_final_draft-smallpdf.pdf; «Study Report on Tea Plantation Workers-2016-Ilo.org» (2016), www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-asia/-ro-bangkok/-ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_563692.pdf.

Керичо, конечно, тоже далеко не райское место. См. Verita Largo and Andrew Wasley, «PG Tips and Lipton Tea Hit by ‘Sexual Harassment and Poor Conditions’ Claims», Ecologist, Nov. 17, 2017, https://theecologist.org/2011/apr/13/pg-tips-and-lipton-tea-hit-sexual-harassment-and-poor-conditions-claims.

«Unpacking the Sustainability Landscape», Nielsen, Sept. 11, 2018, www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports/2018/unpacking-the-sustainability-landscape.html.

«Unpacking the Sustainability Landscape», Nielsen.

«Global Consumers Seek Companies That Care About Environmental Issues», Nielsen, Sept. 11, 2018, www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2018/global-consumers-seek-companies-that-care-about-environmental-issues.html.

В двух массовых полевых экспериментах, проведенных с участием компании Gap, производящей одежду, ярлыки с информацией о программе по снижению загрязнения воды увеличивали продажи на восемь процентов среди покупательниц, хотя явно не оказывали такого эффекта в аутлетах и на покупателей-мужчин. J. Hainmueller and M. J. Hiscox, «The Socially Conscious Consumer», Field Experimental Test of Consumer Support for Fair Labor Standard (Massachusetts Institute of Technology Political Science Department Working Paper 2012–15, 2012). В крупной американской сети продовольственных магазинов продажи двух самых популярных марок зернового кофе выросли почти на десять процентов, когда их обозначили как Fair Trade. Jens Hainmueller, Michael J. Hiscox, and Sandra Sequeira, «Consumer Demand for the Fair Trade Label: Evidence from a Field Experiment», SSRN Electronic Journal 97, no. 2 (2011): SSRN, а эксперимент на eBay указывает, что покупатели готовы доплачивать двадцать три процента за кофе, обозначенное как Fair Trade. M. J. Hiscox, M. Broukhim, and C. Litwin, «Consumer Demand for Fair Trade: New Evidence from a Field Experiment Using eBay Auctions of Fresh Roasted Coffee», SSRN Electronic Journal, (2011).

См. также Maya Singer, «Is There Really Such a Thing as ‘Ethical Consumerism’?» Vogue, Feb. 5, 2019, www.vogue.com/article/ethical-consumer-rentrayage-batsheva-lidia-may.

Tania Braga, Aileen Ionescu-Somers, and Ralf W. Seifert, «Unilever Sustainable Tea Part II: Reaching out to Smallholders in Kenya and Argentina», доступ в ноябре 2011 г., www.idhsustainabletrade.com/idh-publications.

«Britain Backs Kenya Tea Farmers», SOS Childrens Village, March 14, 2011, www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/charity-news/archive/2011/03/britain-backs-kenya-tea-farmers.

Root Capital был некоммерческим фондом социальных инвестиций, который предоставлял финансирование сельскому бизнесу в развивающихся странах. Вложения были направлены в класс капитала между микрокредитованием и коммерческим кредитованием; Tensie Whelan, Rainforest Alliance, interview by author, Cambridge, MA, October 24, 2011.

Rebecca M. Henderson and Frederik Nellemann, «Sustainable Tea at Unilever», HBS Case no. 712–438, December 2011 (Revised November 2012).

Rebecca M. Henderson and Frederik Nellemann, «Sustainable Tea at Unilever», HBS Case no. 712–438, December 2011 (Revised November 2012).

При этом нельзя сказать, что Unilever — идеальная компания, и что проблем больше нет. В 2011 году, например, голландская неправительственная организация опубликовала отчет с утверждением, что сотрудницы плантации в Керичо систематически подвергаются сексуальным домогательствам.

«Tea in the United Kingdom», Euromonitor International, January 2011, www.euromonitor.com.

По-моему, он самый лучший.

При обменном курсе 1 EUR = 1,31 AUD на 2 декабря 2011 г.

«Tea in Italy», February 2011, Euromonitor International, доступ в ноябре 2011 г., www.euromonitor.com.

«Unilevers Purpose-Led Brands Outperform», Unilever Global Company website, www.unilever.com/news/press-releases/2019/imilevers-purpose-Ied-brands-outperform.html.

Susan Rosegrant, «Walmarts Response to Hurricane Katrina: Striving for a Public-Private Partnership», Kennedy School of Government Case Program C16-07-1876.0, Case Studies in Public Policy and Management (Cambridge, MA: Kennedy School of Government, 2007).

Suzanne Kapner, «Changing of the Guard at Walmart», CNN Money, Cable News Network, Feb. 18, 2009, https://money.cnn.coin/2009/02/17/news/companies/kapner_scott.fortune/. Следующая история в основном взята из моей собственной статьи и приведенных в ней источников: Rebecca Henderson and James Weber, «Greening Walmart: Progress and Controversy», HBS Case no. 9-316-042, February 2016.

Kapner, «Changing of the Guard at Walmart» (2009).

«Our History», Corporate, https://corporate.walmart.com/our-story/our-history.

Business Planning Solutions, «The Economic Impact of Walmart» (Washington, DC, 2005).

Henderson and Weber, «Greening Walmart: Progress and Controversy» (Revised February 2017).

Joel Makower, «Walmart Sustainability at 10: The Birth of a Notion», GreenBiz, November 16, 2015, www.greenbiz.com/article/walmart-sustainability-10-birth-notion.

Alison Plyer, «Facts for Features: Katrina Impact» (The Data Center, August 28, 2015), www.datacenterresearch.org/data-resources/katrina/facts-for-impact/.

Edward Humes, Force of Nature: The Unlikely Story of Walmarts Green Revolution (New York: Harper Business, 2011), 97–99; Michael Barbaro and Justin Gillis, «Walmart at Forefront of Hurricane Relief», Washington Post, Sept. 6, 2005, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/2005/09/06/wal-mart-at-forefront-of-hurricane-relief/6cc3a4d2-d4f7-4da4-861f-933eee4d288a/.

«Former haggard Walmart Turns into Ethical Leader — Covalence Retail Industry Report 2008», Covalence SA, Dec. 11, 2008, www.covalence.ch/index.php/2008/12/11/former-laggard-wal-mart-turns-into-ethical-Ieader-covalence-retail-industry-report-2008/.

G. I. McKinsey, «Pathways to a Low-Carbon Economy. Version 2 of the Global Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Curve», McKinsey & Company, Stockholm (2009).

By Editor, «Commissioning HVAC Systems», FM Media, Jan. 22, 2015, www.fmmedia.com.au/sectors/commissioning-hvac-systems/.

Robert G. Eccles, George Serafeim, and Tiffany A. Clay, «KKR: Leveraging Sustainability», HBS Case no. 112–032, September 2011 (Revised March 2012).

«Global Industrial Energy-Efficiency Services Market Predicted to Exceed USD 10 Billion by 2020: Technavio», Business Wire, Dec. 26, 2016; «Europe’s Energy Efficiency Services Market to Reach €50 Billion by 2025», Consultancy.eu, Apr. 2, 2019; «A $300 Billion Energy Efficiency Market», CNBC, Mar. 19, 2019, www.cnbc.com/advertorial/2017/09/19/a-300-billion-energy-efficiency-market.html; Energy Efficiency Market Report 2018 (Paris: International Energy Agency [IEA], 2018), https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2369?fileName=Market_Report_Series_Energy_Efficiency_2018.pdf.

Adam Tooze, «Why Central Banks Need to Step Up on Global Warming», Foreign Policy, Aug. 6, 2019, https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/07/20/why-central-banks-need-to-step-up-on-global-warming/.

Tooze (2019).

«Florida’s Sea Level Is Rising», Sea Level Rise, https://sealevelrise.org/states/florida/.

Akhilesh Ganti, «What Is a Minsky Moment?» Investopedia, July 30, 2019, www.investopedia.com/terms/rn/minskymoment.asp; John Cassidy, «The Minsky Moment», New Yorker, January 27, 2008, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/02/04/the-minsky-moment.