Владимир Аракин - Практический курс английского языка 3 курс [calibre 2.43.0]

Make the nuclei long and very distinct vowels. Make the glides much shorter and indistinct.

1. Pronounce the pairs of words and the sentences with the two diphthongs. Observe their length variants:

A. fade — fair

railways — rarely

shade — share

waisted — wearing

xaging — airing

a mazement — de daring

B. 1. Mary declared she had some gravy to spare. 2. It wasn't safe to go downstairs for the remains of the bacon and eggs. 3. On the

stairs Mary explained she liked the flavour of the gravy and asked Clare if she had any more to spare. 4. The adminis tration was

prepared to overcome all the difficulties and complications.

C h e c k e d V o w e l s

The vowels sound checked when a slight pause is made between the short stressed vowel and the consonant following it.

3. Read the words and the sentences. Make the vowels traditionally called short, checked in their shorter variant:

— bricks upper

effect

push

— admit pot latticed cooking

— yet gossip struck touched

— 1. I admit I touched his pocket. 2. It's a pity it isn't possible to cook the stuff. 3. It was impossible for him to admit he was indif ferent

to the suggestion to come to Russia much later.

— [

]

When pronouncing the consonants make an ' oscal'5 "(that is show your teeth as if you were going to brush them). Check the in-

terdental position of the tip of the tongue. Prevent the lower lip from touching the upper teeth.

4. Read the pairs of words and the sentences. Do not replace the consonants

by [f, v], [T, Д] or [s, z]:6

A. things — those

thanks — this

something — other

teeth — gather

throughout — these

overthrow— therefore

health — together

worth — with

'oscal': оскал (the term was introduced by A.L.Trakhteroff)

To prevent the consonants [s, z] from being replaced by [9, d] keep the tip of the tongue at the lower teeth, and not between the teeth,

when articulating [s, z]. Make an 'oscal' to check the right position of the tongue for [s, z].

B. 1. But supposing it was something else. 2. It's the biggest thing of this kind. 3. They gathered the odds and ends. 4. The more we

peeled the more peel there seemed to be left on. 5. Here was a dish with a new flavour with a taste like nothing else on earth.

6. Therefore our talk was threaded throughout by two motifs.

7. Is this the man with the vegetables? — This is the very man I gather.

A s p i r a t i o n 1

Remember that aspiration is the strongest before stressed vowels, especially before long ones; that the consonants should not be

aspirated when following [s], like in 'speak, stick, skirt'; that [b, d, g ] , their voiced counterparts, are never aspirated; they are weak

consonants.

5.Read the words and the sentences aspirating the consonants [p, t, k] where necessary:

A. Pity

top

coming

encounter,

potted

dictatorship

speaking

make

B. 1. "Oh, that won't do. You must scrape them." 2. Montmorency had evinced great interest in the proceedings. 3. I encountered a

personality entirely different from anything I had expected.

T h e P r e v o c a l i c [ h ]

Mind that the consonant [h] should be very weak (in fact it is breathing out a bit of air before the vowel following i t ) . Do not make it

too fricative, like the Russian consonant [X]. Remember that it can be dropped when unstressed and following a stressed verb like in 'I

^like (h)er. I ^saw (h)im.'

5

6

6.Read the words and the sentences:

A. held

habit

human

hands

hamper

uphill

hard

Harris

behind

B. 1. Here was a new dish unlike the old hackneyed things. 2. He will exploit the human heritage stupidly. 3. I hope Harris and Henry

are happy now that they don't lag behind and nothing hampers them.

T h e L i n k i n g [ r ]

When there is a pause between the two words, the linking [r] should not sound.

7. Read the sentences inserting the linking [r] in the intervocalic position at the junction of words:

1. That'll inspire^Alice.— I'm glad to hearjt. 2. The more^I know her, the more I admire^Ann. — By the way, wherejs she at the

moment? — Either in Asia | or in Africa. 3. It was clear to him that those who are engaged in the task could after all be creative.

Units Two, Three

[ i - i : ]

Mind that Vowel No. 1, [i:], is a diphthongoid: it begins with [i] and then glides to [i:] proper (closer and more front, approaching the

Russian [И]). To achieve that first make the opening between the jaws a bit broader keeping your lips neutral and then spreading them,

thus making the vowel closer.

1. Read the pairs of words and the sentences. Observe their length variants. Make the vowel [i] checked in its shorter length variant:

since — seen

visit — veal

milk — meal

quickly — speaking

exhibiting — immediately irresistible — inconvenience

В.1. His sister has measles. 2. She didn't seem to believe him. 3. He arrived at Riskin Street to see a sick boy who had

caused his mother the inconvenience by falling ill with measles. 4. I candidly mean that for me the name Ernest has always been

irresistible.

[o: -3:]

Mind that though both are mid vowels, [3:] is a m i x e d ( c e n t r a l i z e d ) vowel and [o:] is a b a c k vowel. If your [3:] has, by

mistake, the shade of [0:] add to it the colouring of the Russian [3].

10. Read the pairs of words and the sentences. Observe their length variants:

small — swirl

Walker — worker

talk — Turk

because — to curse

notorious — nervous

importance —earnest

1. 1. John Worthing is a character from the play "The Importance of Being Earnest". 2. He saw her and talked to her. She was a

small girl in a tweed skirt. 3. The doctor was determined to talk to that notorious person about the circumstances.

P a l a t a l i z a t i o n

Avoid the palatalization of the consonants 1 before f r o n t and m i x e d vowels.

The following ways can be of some use: a) first pronounce the same consonant in a word where it is followed by a b a c k vowel

and remember how it sounds; b) then try to preserve the non-pala- talized consonant in the original word where it is followed by a

f r o n t o r m i x e d vowel by making a temporary pause between the consonant and the vowel. When the tongue gets used to the

necessary quality of the consonant, pronounce it without a pause. For example: the word to be pronounced is 'peel'. First pronounce

'paw' (or 'put') and then 'p-eel, p-eel, peel'.

11. Read the words and the sentences:

A. first

meaning

anything

ideals

girl

medical

system

'magazine

we

destined

here

expensive

With the exception of those that should be a bit palatal because they are articulated with a front secondary focus. They are the clear [1], LT, 3); [tf, cfc].

B. 1. Charming day it has been, Miss Fairfax. 2. Pray don't talk to me about the weather, Mr. Worthing. 3. When people talk to me

about the weather, I feel certain they mean something else. 4. He could not help thinking how clear her skin was, with a tiny mole,

exactly the colour of her eyes.

[ η , n - η ]

Mind that [η] is a backlingual consonant: the very back of the tongue is raised and pressed against the soft palate. That's why do

not let the blade or the tip of the tongue touch the upper teeth or the teeth ridge, otherwise either the Russian [H] or the English [n] will

sound instead. To avoid the mistakes open your mouth very wide and keep the tip of the tongue at the lower teeth when [rj] is

articulated.

Though [η] is an o c c 1 u s i v e sonorant, the obstruction is n o t r e l e a s e d when it sounds. If it is released with a jerk, the soft

palate can rise blocking the passage through the nasal cavity and as a result of this the consonants [k] or [g] can sound after [η].

Remember that in the intervocalic position when -ng is followed by a vowel without any pause: a) in verbal forms and nouns

derived from verbs besides [g] the additional consonant [η] should sound. It somewhat differs in its articulation from the basic (main)

consonant [η]: first the uvular gets in contact with the back part of the tongue and then the obstruction is released with a jerk and some

plosion but the soft palate is kept lowered. So the varianf [rj] is a nasal, occlusive, plosive consonant (sonorant): pinging [xsi

u]],

singer [xsiηηə].

In the degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs besides [η] [g] should sound: ^longer [loηgə[], younger [j ۸ ηg

].

In the word final position and before a consonant -ng is pronounced [η] but in some words in which -ng is followed by a sonorant,

[g] sounds in addition: xEngland [^irjgbnd], hungry [h ۸ ηgə].

In the letter combinations nk, nc, nx the letter n is pronounced [rj]: uncle [۸ ηkl], ink [iηk], anxious [æηkʃəs].

4. Read the words, the phrases and the sentences:

A. among

stronger

B. skin — skiing

darling

angry children — chilling

stockings English

d o i n — doing

frank swinging send in —sending

distinct coming out per'sist in — persisting

go in for — xgoing for

C. 1. Oh, darling, I do mean something else. 2. Mr. Worthing could not help thinking about his younger brother. 3. Swinging around she

asked in angry tone: «There's nothing more, is there?» and he could see the soft beating in her neck. 4. "Stand up children, and

say: 'Good morning, Doctor Manson. Thank you for coming."' The infants rose and chanted her ironic bid-

ding.

[u, u:]

Remember that Vowel No. 9 [u:] is a diphthongoid: its beginning is very near in quality to Vowel No. 8 [u], it is a back-advanced

close vowel, the broad variant. To make the beginning of the vowel sound that way add to it the colouring of the Russian [bl]. As the

vowel goes on, it becomes closer, approaching the Russian [Y] (but the lips should not be strained and protruded). As the vowel

proceeds, you should feel your tongue go simultaneously up and backwards.

5. Read the pairs of words and the sentences. Observe the length variants of the two vowels. Make the vowel [u] checked in its shorter length

variant:

A. should — intrude

stood — school

could — protrude took — suit

'understood— 'twenty- two

speculate — ^solitude

B. 1. It'll do him a lot of good. 2. That afternoon he went to the school to have a look at the intrusive girl. 3. Are you absolutely sure

you couldn't love me then, that there's no music in the name Jack? — No, it produces absolutely no vibrations. It doesn't look good

to me at all.

[ʃ, ʒ]

Remember that both the consonants should be palatal (but not so very palatal as the palatal variant of the similar Russian conso -

nants) in any position in the word and before any vowel because they are always articulated with a front secondary focus. But do not