Майкл Киммел - Гендерное общество

качества, доступные и женщинам, и мужчинам, которые достаточно повзрослели, чтобы об

этом открыто заявить. Это предполагает некую форму тендерного протейства —

изменчивость и адаптивность к своему окружению с использованием всего многообразия

переживаний и способностей. Протейская личность, предложенная психиатром Робертом

Джеем Лифтоном, такова, что может соединять в себе противоречия; такая личность

изменчива и эластична в быстро изменяющемся мире3. Чтобы стать такой личностью, не

нужно, чтобы мужчины и женщины стали больше походить друг на друга, а нужно, чтобы

каждый еще полнее и глубже стал собой.

412

ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ

Глава 1

1 Gray J. Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus, New York: HarperCollins, 1992. P. 5.

Risman B. Gender Vertigo. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. P. 25. См. также: Lorber J. Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.

3 Stimpson C. Where the Meanings Are. New York: Methuen, 1988.

См.: Kimmel M. Manhood in America: A Cultural History. New York: The Free Press, 1996.

Я рассказываю об этом и в книге «Manhood in America».

Minton T. Search for What It Means to Be White // San Francisco Chronicle. 1998. May 8.

Зиммель цит. по: Coser L. Georg Simmel's Neglected Contributions to the Sociology of Women // Signs. 1977. Vol. 2. № 4. P.

872.

Цит. по: Coser L. Georg Simmel's Neglected Contributions to the Sociology of Women. P. 872.

Цит. по: Brooke J. Men Held in Beatings Lived on the Fringes //The New York Times. 1998. October 16. P. AI6.

Connell R.W Gender and Power. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987. P. 183; Goffman E. Stigma. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963. P. 128.

" Connell R.W Gender and Power. P.183, 187-188. Цит. no: Risman B. Gender Vertigo. P. 141.

1 Tavris C. The Mismeasure of Woman // Feminism and Psychology. 1993.

Vol. 3. № 2. P. 153.

Epstein C.F. Deceptive Distinctions. New H?iren: Yale University Press, 1988.

Tannen D. You Just Don't Understand. New York: William Morrow, 1991.

O'Barr W., O'Barr J.F. Linguistic Evidence: Language, Power and Strategy — The Courtroom. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995. См. также: Kohn A. Girl Talk, Guy Talk // Psychology Today. 1988. February. P. 66.

17 Witchel A. Our Finances, Ourselves // TheNew YorkTimes. 1998. June 4. P. 13.

18 Ibid.

19

Kanter R.M. Men and Womenof the Corporation. New York: Harperand Row,1977.

Gerson K. Hard Choices. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985; Idem. No Man's Land. New York: Basic Books, 1993.

Risman B. Gender Vertigo. P. 70.

413

22 Almeida D., Kessler R. Everyday Stressors and Gender Differences in Daily Distress // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1998. Vol. 75. № 3.

23 См.: Stedman N. In a Bad Mood — for a Good Reason // The New York Times. 1998. October 24 (как пример

журналиста, который понял суть происшедшего).

24 Risman В. Gender Vertigo. P. 21.

25 Rubin G. The Traffic in Women // Toward an Anthropology of Women / Ed. R.R.Reiter. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975. P. 179—180.

26 MacKinnon C. Towards a Feminist Theory of the State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989. P. 218-219.

27 Kimmel M., Diamond D., Schroeder K. «What's This about a Few Good Men?» Negotiating Sameness and Difference in Military Education from the 1970s to the Present // Masculinities and Education / Ed. N.Lesko.

Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1999.

Глава 2

1 ДжЛеви цит. по: Durden-Smith J., deSimone D. Sex and the Brain. New York: Warner Books, 1983. P. 61.

2 Todd 4. Woman's Rights. Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1867. P. 26.

3 Цит. по: Ehrenreich В., English D. For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women. New York: Doubleday, 1979. P. 111.

4 Цит. по: Degler C. In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. P. 107.

5 Todd J. Woman's Rights. P. 25.

6 California State Historical Society Library, San Francisco, ms. № 2334. Краткое изложение того, как биологическая

аргументация использовалась для исключения женщин из общественной сферы, см.: Kimmel M. Introduction // Against the Tide: Pro-Feminist Men in the United States, 1776-1990, a Documentary History / Ed. M.Kimmel, T.Mosmiller. Boston: Beacon, 1992.

7 Цит. по: Gould S.J. The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W.W.Norton, 1981. P. 104-105.

8 Clarke E.G. Sex in Education; or, A Fair Chance for the Girls. Boston: Osgood and Co., 1873. P. 152.

9 См.: Russet C.E. Sexual Science: The Victorian Construction of Womanhood. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989.

10 Существуют несколько важных текстов, с помощью которых хорошо парировать биологические аргументы.

Из них обязательны: Feminist Approaches to Science / Ed. R.Bleier. New York: Pergamon, 1986; Birke L. Women, Feminism and Biology: The Feminist Challenge. New York: Methuen, 1986; Fausto-Sterling A. Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women

414

and Men. New York: Basic Books, 1986. Хорошее краткое изложение дано в книге: Blum D. Sex on the Brain: The Biological Differences between Men and Women. New York: Viking, 1997. Книга Р.Надо (Nadeau R. S/He Brain: Science, Sexual Politics and the Myths of Feminism. New York: Praeger, 1996) иллюстрирует легкость, с какой консерваторы и

антифеминисты используют эти исследования в своих интересах.

1 Dawkins R. The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976. P. 152; Wilson E.G. On Human Nature. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978. P. 167.

12 Layng A. Why We Don't Act Like the Opposite Sex? // USA Today Magazine. 1993. January; Symons D. Darwinism and Contemporary Marriage // Contemporary Marriage: Comparative Perspectives on a Changing Institution / Ed. K.Davis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1985. Цит. по: Degler C. Darwinians Confront Gender; or, There Is More to It Than History //

Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference / Ed. D.Rhode. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. P. 39.

Wilson E. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

Tiger L. Male Dominance? // The New York Times Magazine. 1970. October 25.

См., напр.; Stamps J. Sociobiology: Its Evolution and Intellectual Descendants // Politics and Life Sciences. 1995. Vol. 14. № 2.

16 Barash D. The Whisperings Within. New York: Harper and Row, 1979. R 54; см. также: Shields W.M., Shields L.M. Forcible Rape: An Evolutionary Perspective // Ethology and Sociobiology. 1983. Vol. 4. P. 119.

1 Alexander R., Noonan K.M. Concealment of Ovulation, Parental Care and Human Social Evolution // Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior / Ed. N.Chagnon, W.Irons. North Scituate, Mass.: Duxbury, 1979. P. 449.

I U

Lewontin R. Biological Determinism as a Social Weapon // Biology as a Social Weapon / Ed. Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective. Minneapolis: Burgess, 1977. P. 15; Gould S.J. Ever Since Tiarwin: Reflections in Natural History. New York: W.W.Norton, 1977. P. 254.

19 Tavris C., Wade C. The Longest War. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1984.

20

McDonald Pavelka M. Sexual Nature: What Can We Learn from a Cross-Species Perspective? // Sexual Nature, Sexual Culture /

Ed. P.Abrahamson,

S.Pinkerton. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995. P. 22.

DeMause L. Our Forbears Made Childhood a Nightmare // Psychology Today. 1975. April.

Burley N. The Evolution of Concealed Ovulation // The American Naturalist. 1979. Vol. 114; McDonald Pavelka M. Sexual Nature. R 19. См. также: Hrdy S.B. The Woman That Never Evolved. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981 (я

адаптировал данный краткий эпизод из этого текста).

23 См.: Keller E.F. A Feeling for the Organism: The Life and Work of Barbara McCIintock, San Francisco: W.H.Freeman, 1983.

415

24 Цит. по: Ehrenreich В., English D. For Her Own Good. P. 117.

25 Dobson J.C. Straight Talk to Men and Their Wives. Dallas: Word Publishing Co., 1991. P. 177; Begley A. Why Men and Women Think Differently //Newsweek. 1995. May 12. P. 51.

26 См.: Fee E. Nineteenth Century Craniology: The Study of the Female Skull //Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1979.

Vol. 53.

27 Тернер цит. по: South Side Observer. 1896. April 29; Dwyer C.A. The Role of Tests and Their Construction in Producing Apparent Sex-Related Differences // Sex-Related Differences in Cognitive Functioning / Ed. M.Wittig, A.Peterson. New York: Academic Press, 1979. P. 342.

28Н.Гешвинд цит. по: Durden-Smith J., deSimone D. Sex and the Brain. P. 171. Из числа других авторитетных работ

по гормональным исследованиям см.: Harris G.W Sex Hormones, Brain Development and Brain Function

//Endocrinology. 1965. Vol. 75.

29 Bleier R. Science and Gender: A Critique of Biology and Its Theory on Women. New York: Pantheon, 1984.

30 Buttery A.W.H., Gray J. Sex Differences in the Development of Spacial and Linguistic Skills // Gender Differences: Their Ontogeny and Significance Ed. C.Ounsted, D.C.Taylor. London: Churchill Livingston, 1972; Levy J. Lateral Specialization of the Human Brain: Behavioral Manifestation and Possible Evolutionary Basis / The Biology of Behavior / Ed. J.A.Kiger. Eugene, Ore.: University of Oregon Press, 1972; см. также: Fausto-Sterling A. Myths of Gender. P. 40.

31 Durden-Smith J., deSimone D. Sex and the Brain. P. 60.

32 Levy J. Lateral Specialization of the Human Brain.

33 Hyde J. How Large Are Cognitive Differences? A Metanalysis // American Psychologist. 1981. Vol. 26; Hyde J., Fennema E., Laman S.J. Gender Differences in Mathematics Performance: A Meta-Analysis // Psychological Bulletin. 1990. Vol. 107.

34 Peters M. The Size of the Corpus Callosum in Males and Females: Implications of a Lack of Allometry // Canadian Journal of Psychology. 1988. Vol. 42. № 3; Lacoste-Utamsing C. de, Holloway R. Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Corpus Callosum // Science. 1982. June 25; см. также: Byne W., Bleier R., Houston L. Variations in Human Corpus Callosum Do Not Predict Gender: A Study Using'Magnetic Resonance Imaging // Behavioral Neuroscience. 1988. Vol.

102. № 2.

35 Цит. по: Schreiber L.A. The Search for His and Her Brains // Glamour. 1993. April.